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Peer-reviewedCC BYJournal of clinical medicine

Incidence and Demographic, Clinical, and Occupational Patterns of Dental Caries and Gingivitis in Workers: A Retrospective Descriptive Cohort Study

  • Fiorella E. Zuzunaga-Montoya1
  • Jhosmer Ballena-Caicedo2
  • Carmen Inés Gutierrez De Carrillo2
  • Víctor Juan Vera-Ponce2
  • Oriana Rivera-Lozada3
  • Olger E. Bernal-Santos3,4,5
  • Mario J. Valladares-Garrido3,6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Continental, Lima 15306, Peru
  2. 2Facultad de Medicina (FAMED), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
  3. 3Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
  4. 4EpiHealth Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Lima 15001, Peru
  5. 5Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
  6. 6Oficina de Inteligencia Sanitaria, Red Prestacional Lambayeque, EsSalud, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
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Abstract

Objective: To estimate the incidence of clinically detected dental caries and gingivitis in a cohort of workers undergoing periodic occupational evaluations, and to describe crude demographic, clinical, behavioral, and occupational differences in these events. Methods: A retrospective descriptive cohort study with secondary analysis of occupational clinical records. We included 12,049 workers with at least two dental evaluations separated by a minimum of one year. Incidence rates were estimated per 1000 person-years with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Crude hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using univariate Cox models as descriptive time-to-event contrasts. Continuous variables were analyzed in 5-unit increments, and age- and sex-standardized rates were estimated in supplementary analyses. Results: After correcting person-time to person-years, the incidence of caries was 14.86 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 13.55–16.27), and the incidence of gingivitis was 4.67 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 3.95–5.49). Male workers showed higher observed incidence of caries than female workers (crude HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.32–2.48). Manual/physical workers also showed higher observed incidence of caries than office/administrative workers, whereas occupational differences in gingivitis were smaller after age and sex standardization. A graded descriptive pattern was observed with years of occupational exposure, with crude HRs of 3.61 for caries and 3.11 for gingivitis among workers with ≥10 years of exposure compared with those with <1 year. Baseline glucose showed a positive crude time-to-event contrast with caries (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06), and systolic blood pressure showed a positive crude time-to-event contrast with gingivitis (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13). Conclusions: Incident clinically detected caries and gingivitis were uncommon but showed crude differences across sex, occupational category, job tenure, and selected cardiometabolic markers. These findings may inform preventive attention and referral strategies in occupational dental surveillance, although the crude estimates should not be interpreted as causal effects.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zuzunagamontoya2026incidence,
  title = {{Incidence and Demographic, Clinical, and Occupational Patterns of Dental Caries and Gingivitis in Workers: A Retrospective Descriptive Cohort Study}},
  author = {Fiorella E. Zuzunaga-Montoya and Jhosmer Ballena-Caicedo and Carmen Inés Gutierrez De Carrillo and Víctor Juan Vera-Ponce and Oriana Rivera-Lozada and Olger E. Bernal-Santos and Mario J. Valladares-Garrido},
  journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/jcm15197650},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13665839},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Incidence and Demographic, Clinical, and Occupational Patterns of Dental Caries and Gingivitis in Workers: A Retrospective Descriptive Cohort Study
AU  - Fiorella E. Zuzunaga-Montoya
AU  - Jhosmer Ballena-Caicedo
AU  - Carmen Inés Gutierrez De Carrillo
AU  - Víctor Juan Vera-Ponce
AU  - Oriana Rivera-Lozada
AU  - Olger E. Bernal-Santos
AU  - Mario J. Valladares-Garrido
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/01
JO  - Journal of clinical medicine
DO  - 10.3390/jcm15197650
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13665839
AB  - Objective: To estimate the incidence of clinically detected dental caries and gingivitis in a cohort of workers undergoing periodic occupational evaluations, and to describe crude demographic, clinical, behavioral, and occupational differences in these events. Methods: A retrospective descriptive cohort study with secondary analysis of occupational clinical records. We included 12,049 workers with at least two dental evaluations separated by a minimum of one year. Incidence rates were estimated per 1000 person-years with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Crude hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using univariate Cox models as descriptive time-to-event contrasts. Continuous variables were analyzed in 5-unit increments, and age- and sex-standardized rates were estimated in supplementary analyses. Results: After correcting person-time to person-years, the incidence of caries was 14.86 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 13.55–16.27), and the incidence of gingivitis was 4.67 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 3.95–5.49). Male workers showed higher observed incidence of caries than female workers (crude HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.32–2.48). Manual/physical workers also showed higher observed incidence of caries than office/administrative workers, whereas occupational differences in gingivitis were smaller after age and sex standardization. A graded descriptive pattern was observed with years of occupational exposure, with crude HRs of 3.61 for caries and 3.11 for gingivitis among workers with ≥10 years of exposure compared with those with <1 year. Baseline glucose showed a positive crude time-to-event contrast with caries (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06), and systolic blood pressure showed a positive crude time-to-event contrast with gingivitis (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13). Conclusions: Incident clinically detected caries and gingivitis were uncommon but showed crude differences across sex, occupational category, job tenure, and selected cardiometabolic markers. These findings may inform preventive attention and referral strategies in occupational dental surveillance, although the crude estimates should not be interpreted as causal effects.
SN  - 2077-0383
ER  -