General Photon Subtraction from a Gaussian Perspective
Abstract
A near-deterministic source of non-Gaussianity is the missing piece to reach universal and fault-tolerant quantum computing with continuous-variable optics. Due to a lack of strong non-linearities, the probabilistic photon-subtracted Gaussian states remain the most promising contender. In combination with Gaussian measurements and single-mode feed-forward operations, they have been shown to provide sufficient non-Gaussianity at high rates. However, these existing breeding protocols lack the necessary loss tolerance to be experimentally feasible. In this work, we introduce a mathematical formalism based on the application of a Gaussian blur and filter on the measured Fock Wigner function to describe general photon-subtracted Gaussian states. Within our representation, the initial squeezing, Gaussian measurements, and photon loss can all be understood as contributions to the total blurring and interchanged accordingly. We find that this intuitive approach can be used to find improvements to cat, cubic phase, and GKP state generation by compromising between success rates, feed-forward compatibility, and loss tolerance. In the case of multiple photon subtractions, this is achieved by introducing a hybrid setup variant bridging the gap between protocols based on breeding and post-selection. Finally, we establish a general lower bound on the resources needed to generate a given target state near-deterministically by introducing the expected Wigner logarithmic negativity as an additive monotone of non-Gaussianity.
Related
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BibTeX
@misc{budinger2026general,
title = {{General Photon Subtraction from a Gaussian Perspective}},
author = {Niklas Budinger and Ulrik L. Andersen and Peter van Loock},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.34803},
eprint = {2609.34803},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34803},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - General Photon Subtraction from a Gaussian Perspective
AU - Niklas Budinger
AU - Ulrik L. Andersen
AU - Peter van Loock
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.34803
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.34803
AB - A near-deterministic source of non-Gaussianity is the missing piece to reach universal and fault-tolerant quantum computing with continuous-variable optics. Due to a lack of strong non-linearities, the probabilistic photon-subtracted Gaussian states remain the most promising contender. In combination with Gaussian measurements and single-mode feed-forward operations, they have been shown to provide sufficient non-Gaussianity at high rates. However, these existing breeding protocols lack the necessary loss tolerance to be experimentally feasible. In this work, we introduce a mathematical formalism based on the application of a Gaussian blur and filter on the measured Fock Wigner function to describe general photon-subtracted Gaussian states. Within our representation, the initial squeezing, Gaussian measurements, and photon loss can all be understood as contributions to the total blurring and interchanged accordingly. We find that this intuitive approach can be used to find improvements to cat, cubic phase, and GKP state generation by compromising between success rates, feed-forward compatibility, and loss tolerance. In the case of multiple photon subtractions, this is achieved by introducing a hybrid setup variant bridging the gap between protocols based on breeding and post-selection. Finally, we establish a general lower bound on the resources needed to generate a given target state near-deterministically by introducing the expected Wigner logarithmic negativity as an additive monotone of non-Gaussianity.
ER -