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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Pharmacology

Individualized dosing in the precision medicine era: a narrative review

  • Muath A Alsalloum1
  • Jude Howaidi2
  • Faris S Alnezary3
  • Masaad S Almutairi1
  • Anwar A Alsakaker4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
  2. 2Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  3. 3Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
  4. 4College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract

Individualized dosing has become a cornerstone of precision medicine by optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity through patient-specific dose selection. Traditional approaches, including weight- and body surface area–based dosing, remain fundamental for many medications but are increasingly complemented by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-guided strategies and model-informed precision dosing (MIPD). This narrative review summarizes current evidence on individualized dosing across four major therapeutic classes: antimicrobial agents, chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies and immunotherapies, and anesthetic and critical care agents. It highlights the rationale, advantages, and limitations of conventional dosing approaches while discussing the growing adoption of fixed dosing for selected biologics with predictable pharmacokinetics. The review also examines practical challenges associated with individualized dosing, including dose calculation complexity, medication errors, and operational constraints. Finally, emerging precision-dosing strategies, particularly Bayesian adaptive dosing and biomarker-guided dosing, are discussed as promising approaches to further personalize pharmacotherapy. Collectively, these advances support a shift toward more precise, evidence-based, and patient-centered medication dosing.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{alsalloum2026individualized,
  title = {{Individualized dosing in the precision medicine era: a narrative review}},
  author = {Muath A Alsalloum and Jude Howaidi and Faris S Alnezary and Masaad S Almutairi and Anwar A Alsakaker},
  journal = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fphar.2026.1944686},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1944686/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Individualized dosing in the precision medicine era: a narrative review
AU  - Muath A Alsalloum
AU  - Jude Howaidi
AU  - Faris S Alnezary
AU  - Masaad S Almutairi
AU  - Anwar A Alsakaker
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
JO  - Frontiers in Pharmacology
DO  - 10.3389/fphar.2026.1944686
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1944686/full
AB  - Individualized dosing has become a cornerstone of precision medicine by optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity through patient-specific dose selection. Traditional approaches, including weight- and body surface area–based dosing, remain fundamental for many medications but are increasingly complemented by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD)-guided strategies and model-informed precision dosing (MIPD). This narrative review summarizes current evidence on individualized dosing across four major therapeutic classes: antimicrobial agents, chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies and immunotherapies, and anesthetic and critical care agents. It highlights the rationale, advantages, and limitations of conventional dosing approaches while discussing the growing adoption of fixed dosing for selected biologics with predictable pharmacokinetics. The review also examines practical challenges associated with individualized dosing, including dose calculation complexity, medication errors, and operational constraints. Finally, emerging precision-dosing strategies, particularly Bayesian adaptive dosing and biomarker-guided dosing, are discussed as promising approaches to further personalize pharmacotherapy. Collectively, these advances support a shift toward more precise, evidence-based, and patient-centered medication dosing.
SN  - 1663-9812
ER  -