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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nanomaterials

Effects of Commercial Copper Nanoparticles on Enzymatic Activity and Nutrient Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil

  • Jonathan Suazo-Hernández1
  • Paula Maldonado2
  • Erick Zagal2
  • María de Los Ángeles Sepúlveda-Parada2,3
  • Antonieta Ruiz4
  • Cristian Urdiales5
  • Collin G. Joseph6,7
  • Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen8,9
  • Patricia Poblete-Grant10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Núcleo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Agroinnovación (NIBA), Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
  2. 2VIS-IR Spectroscopy Laboratory and Sustainable Soil Management, Department of Soils and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
  3. 3Doctoral Program in Agronomy Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile
  4. 4Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile
  5. 5Sede Vallenar, Universidad de Atacama, Av. Costanera #105, Vallenar 1612178, Chile
  6. 6Sonophotochemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
  7. 7Industrial Chemistry Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
  8. 8Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica & Analítica, PachemLab, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile
  9. 9Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile
  10. 10Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Campus Osorno-Chuyaca, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile
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Abstract

Excessive release of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment can affect the biological and chemical properties of soils. This study evaluated the effects of two commercial metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs 25 nm; CuNPs/25, and Cu-NPs 40–60 nm; CuNPs/40–60) on enzymatic activity and nutrient bioavailability in an agricultural soil. An incubation experiment was conducted using Ultisol soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60, simulating a high-exposure scenario, in the presence and absence of 200 mg kg−1 P (K2HPO4). Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase enzymatic activities along with P bioavailability were measured at 0.14, 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks. The results showed that in most instances, 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60 significantly decreased the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase. The P bioavailability in soil was lower in the presence of CuNPs/25 than Cu-NPs/40–60. In addition, the Cu2+ concentrations in the water-extractable fraction were higher than in the CaCl2 fraction, and the increase in water-extractable Cu2+ concentrations in the soil solution was correlated with a decrease in enzyme activities. Eight weeks of exposure to NPs did not cause any marked changes in organic matter content or electrical conductivity. However, the Cu2+-(DTPA) bioavailability in soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 and CuNPs/40–60 for 8 weeks increased over 90 times, regardless of the presence or absence of P. However, these findings should be interpreted in the context of a high-exposure scenario for CuNPs and should not be directly extrapolated to environmentally realistic exposure levels.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{suazohernandez2026effects,
  title = {{Effects of Commercial Copper Nanoparticles on Enzymatic Activity and Nutrient Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil}},
  author = {Jonathan Suazo-Hernández and Paula Maldonado and Erick Zagal and María de Los Ángeles Sepúlveda-Parada and Antonieta Ruiz and Cristian Urdiales and Collin G. Joseph and Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen and Patricia Poblete-Grant},
  journal = {Nanomaterials},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nano16211394},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1394},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Effects of Commercial Copper Nanoparticles on Enzymatic Activity and Nutrient Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil
AU  - Jonathan Suazo-Hernández
AU  - Paula Maldonado
AU  - Erick Zagal
AU  - María de Los Ángeles Sepúlveda-Parada
AU  - Antonieta Ruiz
AU  - Cristian Urdiales
AU  - Collin G. Joseph
AU  - Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen
AU  - Patricia Poblete-Grant
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/30
JO  - Nanomaterials
DO  - 10.3390/nano16211394
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1394
AB  - Excessive release of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment can affect the biological and chemical properties of soils. This study evaluated the effects of two commercial metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs 25 nm; CuNPs/25, and Cu-NPs 40–60 nm; CuNPs/40–60) on enzymatic activity and nutrient bioavailability in an agricultural soil. An incubation experiment was conducted using Ultisol soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60, simulating a high-exposure scenario, in the presence and absence of 200 mg kg−1 P (K2HPO4). Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase enzymatic activities along with P bioavailability were measured at 0.14, 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks. The results showed that in most instances, 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60 significantly decreased the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase. The P bioavailability in soil was lower in the presence of CuNPs/25 than Cu-NPs/40–60. In addition, the Cu2+ concentrations in the water-extractable fraction were higher than in the CaCl2 fraction, and the increase in water-extractable Cu2+ concentrations in the soil solution was correlated with a decrease in enzyme activities. Eight weeks of exposure to NPs did not cause any marked changes in organic matter content or electrical conductivity. However, the Cu2+-(DTPA) bioavailability in soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 and CuNPs/40–60 for 8 weeks increased over 90 times, regardless of the presence or absence of P. However, these findings should be interpreted in the context of a high-exposure scenario for CuNPs and should not be directly extrapolated to environmentally realistic exposure levels.
SN  - 2079-4991
ER  -