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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC 4.0Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Ultrasonication-assisted carbonization of

  • Arunachalasivamani Ponnusamy1
  • S.R. Radhika Rajasree2
  • Shivraj Nile3
  • Rasool Abdul Nazeer4
  • George Ninan5
  • Soottawat Benjakul6
6 affiliations
  1. 1International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
  2. 2Faculty of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala 682506, India
  3. 3Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, BRIC-National Agri-Food and Biomanufacturing Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
  4. 4Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
  5. 5ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIFT Junction, Matsyapuri P.O, Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala 682029, India
  6. 6International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Corresponding author.
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Abstract

Conventional hydrothermal carbonization of biomass generally produces carbon dots (CD) with low yield and variable quality, mainly due to incomplete hydrolysis. This study evaluated how ultrasonication pretreatment and sequential pre/post-treatment influenced hydrothermal carbonization of Gracilaria fisheri and the properties of the resulting CD. Probe ultrasonication (Sonics VC750, 20 kHz, 13 mm probe) was applied to 50 mL suspensions at 20, 50, and 80% amplitude for cumulative ultrasonication-on time of 5 or 15 min, using 5 s on/5 s off pulses and ice-bath cooling. Hydrothermal carbonization was performed at 200 °C for 8 h. Recovered-solid yield and physicochemical parameters were used to select optimal conditions. Pre CD 80%/5min , which showed the highest yield and zeta-potential among Pre CD was selected for subsequent post-treatment. Pre/Post CD further increased the recovered-solids yield to 90.47% ( Pre/Post CD 80%/5min ). FTIR spectra confirmed the retention of oxygen-rich functional groups, while TEM images showed smaller, more dispersed particles following sequential treatment. Pre/Post CD 80%/5min exhibited stronger UV-C attenuation and excitation-dependent photoluminescence, whereas Pre CD 80%/5min showed greater photostability under 254 nm irradiation. Pre/Post CD 80%/5min exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, including an ABTS radical-scavenging activity of 68.03 mmol Trolox equivalent/mg and a metal-chelating ability of 0.13 mmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/mg. All tested CDs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.50 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus , Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These findings demonstrate that the sonication sequence influenced the recovered-solids yield and bioactivities. The effects of ultrasonication on antioxidant and antibacterial activities warrant further investigation to clarify the associated changes in material properties and functionality. The produced CD requires validation in food applications and a safety assessment.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ponnusamy2026ultrasonicationassisted,
  title = {{Ultrasonication-assisted carbonization of}},
  author = {Arunachalasivamani Ponnusamy and S.R. Radhika Rajasree and Shivraj Nile and Rasool Abdul Nazeer and George Ninan and Soottawat Benjakul},
  journal = {Ultrasonics Sonochemistry},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108106},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108106},
  note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ultrasonication-assisted carbonization of
AU  - Arunachalasivamani Ponnusamy
AU  - S.R. Radhika Rajasree
AU  - Shivraj Nile
AU  - Rasool Abdul Nazeer
AU  - George Ninan
AU  - Soottawat Benjakul
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/10
JO  - Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
DO  - 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108106
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.108106
AB  - Conventional hydrothermal carbonization of biomass generally produces carbon dots (CD) with low yield and variable quality, mainly due to incomplete hydrolysis. This study evaluated how ultrasonication pretreatment and sequential pre/post-treatment influenced hydrothermal carbonization of Gracilaria fisheri and the properties of the resulting CD. Probe ultrasonication (Sonics VC750, 20 kHz, 13 mm probe) was applied to 50 mL suspensions at 20, 50, and 80% amplitude for cumulative ultrasonication-on time of 5 or 15 min, using 5 s on/5 s off pulses and ice-bath cooling. Hydrothermal carbonization was performed at 200 °C for 8 h. Recovered-solid yield and physicochemical parameters were used to select optimal conditions. Pre CD 80%/5min , which showed the highest yield and zeta-potential among Pre CD was selected for subsequent post-treatment. Pre/Post CD further increased the recovered-solids yield to 90.47% ( Pre/Post CD 80%/5min ). FTIR spectra confirmed the retention of oxygen-rich functional groups, while TEM images showed smaller, more dispersed particles following sequential treatment. Pre/Post CD 80%/5min exhibited stronger UV-C attenuation and excitation-dependent photoluminescence, whereas Pre CD 80%/5min showed greater photostability under 254 nm irradiation. Pre/Post CD 80%/5min exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, including an ABTS radical-scavenging activity of 68.03 mmol Trolox equivalent/mg and a metal-chelating ability of 0.13 mmol ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/mg. All tested CDs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.50 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus , Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These findings demonstrate that the sonication sequence influenced the recovered-solids yield and bioactivities. The effects of ultrasonication on antioxidant and antibacterial activities warrant further investigation to clarify the associated changes in material properties and functionality. The produced CD requires validation in food applications and a safety assessment.
SN  - 1350-4177
SN  - 1873-2828
ER  -