Mode Effects on Self-Reported Health Across Web-Based, Interviewer-Administered, and Nurse-Administered Modes: Population-Based Study
Abstract
BackgroundProbability-based surveys remain essential to epidemiology, but expanding mixed-mode data collection, which combines web self-completion and interviewer-administered surveys, raises concerns that administration mode and interviewer presence may influence health reporting. These concerns warrant further investigation of interviewer-related biases and mode differences in health reporting. ObjectiveThis study assessed whether responses to the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), both self-completed, differed by interviewer presence and role: online without an interviewer, during a social interviewer visit, or during a nurse visit. It also assessed mode effects on doctor-diagnosed conditions recorded by interviewers in computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and when self-completed online. We further examined possible variation by sex and age. MethodsThe analysis used randomized mode allocation embedded within wave 12 (2019) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study Innovation Panel. After applying relevant exclusions, the final analytic sample comprised 1111 households (1779 participants) across the 3 randomly assigned survey modes: web-based self-completion, interviewer-administered CAPI, or nurse-administered CAPI. The sample was predominantly White British, with a broadly balanced sex distribution and participants from diverse age, employment, education, and household income groups. Participants did not always complete the survey in their randomly assigned mode. Effects were estimated using a two-stage residual inclusion instrumental variable approach, with randomized mode as an instrument for actual mode, to address confounding arising from nonrandom selection into actual mode. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed across self-completion contexts for the GHQ-12 or the SF-12 mental and physical component scores. We found no statistically significant evidence of mode effects on doctor-diagnosed conditions. For example, no statistically significant mode effects in psychiatric conditions were identified across the comparisons: nurse relative to social interviewer (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% CI 0.40‐1.29; PPP ConclusionsOur findings may support embedding self-completion modules within interviewer-administered surveys for the collection of SF-12 and GHQ-12. Meanwhile, potential mode-related differences should be considered when designing mixed-mode surveys and interpreting self-reported health data.
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BibTeX
@article{liang2026mode,
title = {{Mode Effects on Self-Reported Health Across Web-Based, Interviewer-Administered, and Nurse-Administered Modes: Population-Based Study}},
author = {Yunlong Liang and Tarek Al Baghal and Jonathan Burton and Meena Kumari},
journal = {JMIR Human Factors},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.2196/89896},
url = {https://doi.org/10.2196/89896},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Mode Effects on Self-Reported Health Across Web-Based, Interviewer-Administered, and Nurse-Administered Modes: Population-Based Study
AU - Yunlong Liang
AU - Tarek Al Baghal
AU - Jonathan Burton
AU - Meena Kumari
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/23
JO - JMIR Human Factors
DO - 10.2196/89896
UR - https://doi.org/10.2196/89896
AB - BackgroundProbability-based surveys remain essential to epidemiology, but expanding mixed-mode data collection, which combines web self-completion and interviewer-administered surveys, raises concerns that administration mode and interviewer presence may influence health reporting. These concerns warrant further investigation of interviewer-related biases and mode differences in health reporting. ObjectiveThis study assessed whether responses to the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), both self-completed, differed by interviewer presence and role: online without an interviewer, during a social interviewer visit, or during a nurse visit. It also assessed mode effects on doctor-diagnosed conditions recorded by interviewers in computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and when self-completed online. We further examined possible variation by sex and age. MethodsThe analysis used randomized mode allocation embedded within wave 12 (2019) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study Innovation Panel. After applying relevant exclusions, the final analytic sample comprised 1111 households (1779 participants) across the 3 randomly assigned survey modes: web-based self-completion, interviewer-administered CAPI, or nurse-administered CAPI. The sample was predominantly White British, with a broadly balanced sex distribution and participants from diverse age, employment, education, and household income groups. Participants did not always complete the survey in their randomly assigned mode. Effects were estimated using a two-stage residual inclusion instrumental variable approach, with randomized mode as an instrument for actual mode, to address confounding arising from nonrandom selection into actual mode. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed across self-completion contexts for the GHQ-12 or the SF-12 mental and physical component scores. We found no statistically significant evidence of mode effects on doctor-diagnosed conditions. For example, no statistically significant mode effects in psychiatric conditions were identified across the comparisons: nurse relative to social interviewer (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% CI 0.40‐1.29; PPP ConclusionsOur findings may support embedding self-completion modules within interviewer-administered surveys for the collection of SF-12 and GHQ-12. Meanwhile, potential mode-related differences should be considered when designing mixed-mode surveys and interpreting self-reported health data.
SN - 2292-9495
ER -