Self-Reported Red Eye Among Saudi Adults: Symptom Profile, Self-Management Practices, and Associated Factors.
7 affiliations
- 1Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
- 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
- 3Ophthalmology Center, Prince Mohammed bin Nasser Hospital, Jazan Health Cluster, Jazan 82943, Saudi Arabia.
- 4Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University Medical Clinics Complex, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 37912, Saudi Arabia.
- 5College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia.
- 6King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Al Kurnaysh Br Rd, Al Andalus, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia.
- 7Oncology Center, Chair of Epidemiology and Public Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12373, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Red eye is a common ocular complaint, yet population data from Saudi Arabia are limited and largely confined to specific diagnostic entities. This study assessed the proportion of adults reporting red eye and described its clinical characteristics, perceived triggers, management practices, and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November 2025 and March 2026 among adults aged 18 years or older in Saudi Arabia, recruited by convenience sampling through social media. A structured self-administered questionnaire captured sociodemographic, systemic, ocular, and lifestyle characteristics and, among affected participants, symptom profile, triggers, and management. The outcome was ascertained with a single screening item, accompanied by a photograph to aid recognition, asking whether participants currently had, or had previously had, red eye. Multivariable logistic regression identified independently associated factors (p < 0.05). Results: Of 1670 responses, 1627 were analysed after exclusion of duplicates and implausible anthropometric entries. Current or previous red eye was reported by 474 participants (29.1%; 95% CI: 26.9-31.4). Most reported no or only slight effect on daily life (85.4%), and 76.8% of episodes resolved within 48 h. Independently associated factors were male sex (aOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.23-2.52; p = 0.002), cosmetic use around the eyes (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.20-2.53; p = 0.003), allergic rhinitis or sinusitis (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.38-2.52; p < 0.001), hypertension (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.04-2.91; p = 0.035), chronic anxiety disorder (aOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09-2.55; p = 0.018), and higher education. Physical activity showed a graded inverse association (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.41-0.81 for the highest category). Only 27.6% consulted a physician, and 13.3% used whitening eye drops. Conclusions: Red eye was commonly recognised but usually infrequent, brief, and minimally disabling. As the outcome was a single unvalidated self-report item not bounded in time, these findings describe reported symptom burden rather than confirmed disease.
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BibTeX
@article{almraysi2026selfreported,
title = {{Self-Reported Red Eye Among Saudi Adults: Symptom Profile, Self-Management Practices, and Associated Factors.}},
author = {Saja A Almraysi and Dhiyaa A H Otayf and Mohammad A Jareebi and Abdulaziz Ali Alagsam and Ghazi I Al Jowf and Ahmed Y Najmi and Rakan M Hakami and Ali A Dagreri and Eyad M Albarrati and Mariam Zainab and Mutaz M Zogail and Razan S Hanafi and Omar Essa Mohammed Kirat and Ali Alabbas Ahmad Alhazmi and Farjah H Algahtani},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.3390/healthcare14193150},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42881589},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Self-Reported Red Eye Among Saudi Adults: Symptom Profile, Self-Management Practices, and Associated Factors.
AU - Saja A Almraysi
AU - Dhiyaa A H Otayf
AU - Mohammad A Jareebi
AU - Abdulaziz Ali Alagsam
AU - Ghazi I Al Jowf
AU - Ahmed Y Najmi
AU - Rakan M Hakami
AU - Ali A Dagreri
AU - Eyad M Albarrati
AU - Mariam Zainab
AU - Mutaz M Zogail
AU - Razan S Hanafi
AU - Omar Essa Mohammed Kirat
AU - Ali Alabbas Ahmad Alhazmi
AU - Farjah H Algahtani
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/22
JO - Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
DO - 10.3390/healthcare14193150
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42881589
AB - Background/Objectives: Red eye is a common ocular complaint, yet population data from Saudi Arabia are limited and largely confined to specific diagnostic entities. This study assessed the proportion of adults reporting red eye and described its clinical characteristics, perceived triggers, management practices, and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November 2025 and March 2026 among adults aged 18 years or older in Saudi Arabia, recruited by convenience sampling through social media. A structured self-administered questionnaire captured sociodemographic, systemic, ocular, and lifestyle characteristics and, among affected participants, symptom profile, triggers, and management. The outcome was ascertained with a single screening item, accompanied by a photograph to aid recognition, asking whether participants currently had, or had previously had, red eye. Multivariable logistic regression identified independently associated factors (p < 0.05). Results: Of 1670 responses, 1627 were analysed after exclusion of duplicates and implausible anthropometric entries. Current or previous red eye was reported by 474 participants (29.1%; 95% CI: 26.9-31.4). Most reported no or only slight effect on daily life (85.4%), and 76.8% of episodes resolved within 48 h. Independently associated factors were male sex (aOR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.23-2.52; p = 0.002), cosmetic use around the eyes (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.20-2.53; p = 0.003), allergic rhinitis or sinusitis (aOR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.38-2.52; p < 0.001), hypertension (aOR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.04-2.91; p = 0.035), chronic anxiety disorder (aOR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09-2.55; p = 0.018), and higher education. Physical activity showed a graded inverse association (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.41-0.81 for the highest category). Only 27.6% consulted a physician, and 13.3% used whitening eye drops. Conclusions: Red eye was commonly recognised but usually infrequent, brief, and minimally disabling. As the outcome was a single unvalidated self-report item not bounded in time, these findings describe reported symptom burden rather than confirmed disease.
SN - 2227-9032
ER -