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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Nutrients

Association Between Salt Intake Habits and Vasomotor Symptoms According to Adiposity Among Middle-Aged Korean Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

  • Yoonyoung Jang1,2
  • Soo Min Kim3
  • Sujeong Shin4
  • Jeonggyu Kang1
  • Yoosun Cho5
  • Yoosoo Chang1,6,7
  • Seungho Ryu1,6,7
7 affiliations
  1. 1Center for Cohort Studies, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
  2. 2Institute of Medical Research, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
  3. 3Office of Policy Research, National Food Safety Information Service, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
  4. 4Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
  5. 5Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
  6. 6Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
  7. 7Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 04514, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Objectives: Whether habitual salt consumption is related to vasomotor symptoms (VMS) during the menopausal transition has received little attention. We investigated the relationship of salt-related eating behaviors with bothersome VMS over time and explored whether body composition modified this relationship. Methods: We analyzed repeated observations from 3664 Korean women who entered the cohort between 2014 and 2018 and were followed until July 2024. A three-item questionnaire was used to generate a salt intake habit score, which was divided into tertiles. Bothersome VMS across repeated visits were analyzed using logistic mixed-effects models with inverse probability weighting, and effect modification by adiposity was explored. Results: At enrollment, mean age was 45.6 years; among women with repeated assessments, the median observation period was 5.6 years. Relative to the lowest salt intake tertile, adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for bothersome VMS were 1.48 (1.22–1.80) in the middle tertile and 1.51 (1.20–1.89) in the highest tertile. The association appeared stronger among women with percentage body fat ≥35% (p for interaction = 0.032), although the interaction did not reach the Bonferroni-corrected threshold (p < 0.0167). Conclusions: Saltier eating habits were related to a greater likelihood of bothersome VMS during follow-up. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating, and whether reducing salt consumption also decreases VMS warrants testing in intervention studies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{jang2026association,
  title = {{Association Between Salt Intake Habits and Vasomotor Symptoms According to Adiposity Among Middle-Aged Korean Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study}},
  author = {Yoonyoung Jang and Soo Min Kim and Sujeong Shin and Jeonggyu Kang and Yoosun Cho and Yoosoo Chang and Seungho Ryu},
  journal = {Nutrients},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/nu18213618},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3618},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Association Between Salt Intake Habits and Vasomotor Symptoms According to Adiposity Among Middle-Aged Korean Women: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
AU  - Yoonyoung Jang
AU  - Soo Min Kim
AU  - Sujeong Shin
AU  - Jeonggyu Kang
AU  - Yoosun Cho
AU  - Yoosoo Chang
AU  - Seungho Ryu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/31
JO  - Nutrients
DO  - 10.3390/nu18213618
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3618
AB  - Objectives: Whether habitual salt consumption is related to vasomotor symptoms (VMS) during the menopausal transition has received little attention. We investigated the relationship of salt-related eating behaviors with bothersome VMS over time and explored whether body composition modified this relationship. Methods: We analyzed repeated observations from 3664 Korean women who entered the cohort between 2014 and 2018 and were followed until July 2024. A three-item questionnaire was used to generate a salt intake habit score, which was divided into tertiles. Bothersome VMS across repeated visits were analyzed using logistic mixed-effects models with inverse probability weighting, and effect modification by adiposity was explored. Results: At enrollment, mean age was 45.6 years; among women with repeated assessments, the median observation period was 5.6 years. Relative to the lowest salt intake tertile, adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for bothersome VMS were 1.48 (1.22–1.80) in the middle tertile and 1.51 (1.20–1.89) in the highest tertile. The association appeared stronger among women with percentage body fat ≥35% (p for interaction = 0.032), although the interaction did not reach the Bonferroni-corrected threshold (p < 0.0167). Conclusions: Saltier eating habits were related to a greater likelihood of bothersome VMS during follow-up. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating, and whether reducing salt consumption also decreases VMS warrants testing in intervention studies.
SN  - 2072-6643
ER  -