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Peer-reviewedCC BYCrystals

Controlling Micro/Nano Morphology and Water Solubility of Dipotassium Pyrroloquinoline Quinone via Crystal Form Modification

  • Jinjian Wei1
  • Jiahui Kong1
  • Wenxiu An1
  • Chengfa Cai2
  • Ronghua Zhang3
  • Qian Chen3
  • Xu Han1
  • Yi Wen1
  • Zhide Zhang1
  1. 1College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
  2. 2Key Laboratory of Simulation Training and Training Technology Innovation, General Administration of Sport of China, Shandong Institute of Sport Science, Jinan 250102, China
  3. 3Shandong Nutri-Force Medicine Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
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Abstract

The dipotassium salt of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQK₂) is a promising nutraceutical with superior stability compared to its free acid, yet the influence of its solid-state form on solubility and particle morphology has not been explored. In this study, we report a systematic investigation on controlling the micro/nano morphology and water solubility of PQQK₂ through crystalline form modification. Four different kinds of crystal forms of PQQK₂, as indicated by powder X-ray diffraction patterns, are successfully obtained by simply controlling the addition of different kinds of poor solvent. These crystal forms exhibit four distinct nano/microscale morphological features including plate-like, prismatic, and strip-like crystals with ultra-long and varying lengths. Notably, the water solubility of PQQK₂ varies significantly depending on the specific crystal form and morphology, which influences the effective surface area exposed to the water. This study provides, for the first time, a rational crystal engineering approach for tuning the physicochemical properties of PQQK₂, offering valuable guidance for its formulation into high-performance dietary supplements and pharmaceutical preparations.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{wei2026controlling,
  title = {{Controlling Micro/Nano Morphology and Water Solubility of Dipotassium Pyrroloquinoline Quinone via Crystal Form Modification}},
  author = {Jinjian Wei and Jiahui Kong and Wenxiu An and Chengfa Cai and Ronghua Zhang and Qian Chen and Xu Han and Yi Wen and Zhide Zhang},
  journal = {Crystals},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/cryst16100636},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16100636},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Controlling Micro/Nano Morphology and Water Solubility of Dipotassium Pyrroloquinoline Quinone via Crystal Form Modification
AU  - Jinjian Wei
AU  - Jiahui Kong
AU  - Wenxiu An
AU  - Chengfa Cai
AU  - Ronghua Zhang
AU  - Qian Chen
AU  - Xu Han
AU  - Yi Wen
AU  - Zhide Zhang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
JO  - Crystals
DO  - 10.3390/cryst16100636
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16100636
AB  - The dipotassium salt of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQK₂) is a promising nutraceutical with superior stability compared to its free acid, yet the influence of its solid-state form on solubility and particle morphology has not been explored. In this study, we report a systematic investigation on controlling the micro/nano morphology and water solubility of PQQK₂ through crystalline form modification. Four different kinds of crystal forms of PQQK₂, as indicated by powder X-ray diffraction patterns, are successfully obtained by simply controlling the addition of different kinds of poor solvent. These crystal forms exhibit four distinct nano/microscale morphological features including plate-like, prismatic, and strip-like crystals with ultra-long and varying lengths. Notably, the water solubility of PQQK₂ varies significantly depending on the specific crystal form and morphology, which influences the effective surface area exposed to the water. This study provides, for the first time, a rational crystal engineering approach for tuning the physicochemical properties of PQQK₂, offering valuable guidance for its formulation into high-performance dietary supplements and pharmaceutical preparations.
SN  - 2073-4352
ER  -