Heating of Solar Coronal Loops by Converging Unipolar Magnetic Flux: Evidence from SDO Observations and a Radiative MHD Simulation
Abstract
Solar coronal loop heating remains one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics. In emerging flux regions, coronal loops form and are heated as strong magnetic flux tubes emerge through the photosphere. The loop footpoints gradually separate. In this study, we investigate the heating of quiet-region (QR) coronal loops whose opposite-polarity footpoints are already separated. Our observations reveal that convection-driven magnetic flux convergence at a loop's foot -- where smaller unipolar photospheric magnetic flux patches merge into a stronger flux patch -- correlates with loop brightening, and flux divergence at that foot correlates with that loop's disappearance. This behavior is similar to recent findings for solar coronal plumes. To investigate and quantify this effect, we track 10 QR coronal loops through their lifetimes using SDO/AIA 171 and 94 Angstrom images, along with SDO/HMI magnetograms. The coronal EUV luminosity shows a strong correlation with the magnetic flux in at least one footpoint, most strongly when the line-of-sight magnetic field strength (Blos) exceeds a threshold of about 200-500 G. A Bifrost MHD simulation of the quiet-Sun network and corona shows similar behavior but at smaller time-scales: magnetic flux convergence and divergence -- most pronounced at a loop footpoint -- correlate directly with increased and reduced emissivity due to heating and cooling, respectively. The simulation reveals an increase in Poynting flux, reconnection, and Joule heating with flux convergence at that footpoint. We hypothesize that an increased rate of nanoflares during flux convergence may explain the enhanced emissivity of these loops due to heating, with potentially broader implications for coronal heating.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{tiwari2026heating,
title = {{Heating of Solar Coronal Loops by Converging Unipolar Magnetic Flux: Evidence from SDO Observations and a Radiative MHD Simulation}},
author = {Sanjiv K. Tiwari and Souvik Bose and Juan Martinez Sykora and Esther Cao and Navdeep K. Panesar and Ronald L. Moore and Bart De Pontieu and Viggo H. Hansteen},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.36362},
eprint = {2610.36362},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36362},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Heating of Solar Coronal Loops by Converging Unipolar Magnetic Flux: Evidence from SDO Observations and a Radiative MHD Simulation
AU - Sanjiv K. Tiwari
AU - Souvik Bose
AU - Juan Martinez Sykora
AU - Esther Cao
AU - Navdeep K. Panesar
AU - Ronald L. Moore
AU - Bart De Pontieu
AU - Viggo H. Hansteen
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.36362
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36362
AB - Solar coronal loop heating remains one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics. In emerging flux regions, coronal loops form and are heated as strong magnetic flux tubes emerge through the photosphere. The loop footpoints gradually separate. In this study, we investigate the heating of quiet-region (QR) coronal loops whose opposite-polarity footpoints are already separated. Our observations reveal that convection-driven magnetic flux convergence at a loop's foot -- where smaller unipolar photospheric magnetic flux patches merge into a stronger flux patch -- correlates with loop brightening, and flux divergence at that foot correlates with that loop's disappearance. This behavior is similar to recent findings for solar coronal plumes. To investigate and quantify this effect, we track 10 QR coronal loops through their lifetimes using SDO/AIA 171 and 94 Angstrom images, along with SDO/HMI magnetograms. The coronal EUV luminosity shows a strong correlation with the magnetic flux in at least one footpoint, most strongly when the line-of-sight magnetic field strength (Blos) exceeds a threshold of about 200-500 G. A Bifrost MHD simulation of the quiet-Sun network and corona shows similar behavior but at smaller time-scales: magnetic flux convergence and divergence -- most pronounced at a loop footpoint -- correlate directly with increased and reduced emissivity due to heating and cooling, respectively. The simulation reveals an increase in Poynting flux, reconnection, and Joule heating with flux convergence at that footpoint. We hypothesize that an increased rate of nanoflares during flux convergence may explain the enhanced emissivity of these loops due to heating, with potentially broader implications for coronal heating.
ER -