Gauge invariance, collective modes, and the justification of normal-state subtraction in Dirac superconductors
Abstract
In Dirac superconductors, the unbounded spectrum of low-energy Dirac models is known to give rise to unphysical interband contributions from deep-lying states to the electromagnetic response. To eliminate these contributions, normal-state subtraction (NSS), in which the normal-state response is subtracted from the superconducting-state response, has been widely employed. However, the relation between NSS and a gauge-invariant electromagnetic response, particularly the role of the vertex correction required by the Ward identity, has remained unclear. In this work, we consider a massive-Dirac model with s-wave pairing and analytically investigate the electromagnetic response at zero temperature by solving the Bethe--Salpeter equation and incorporating the collective-mode contribution to the electromagnetic vertex. We show that, in the static long-wavelength limit, the vertex correction exactly cancels the bare longitudinal response with NSS, yielding the vanishing longitudinal response required by gauge invariance. In contrast, the transverse component of the vertex correction vanishes in the long-wavelength limit, so that the gauge-invariant Meissner weight coincides with that obtained from the bare transverse response with NSS. Moreover, within the class of isotropic and analytic UV regularization terms, we show that gauge invariance uniquely fixes the regularization term in the static long-wavelength limit to the value prescribed by NSS. Our results thus provide a microscopic justification for NSS.
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BibTeX
@misc{hayasaka2026gauge,
title = {{Gauge invariance, collective modes, and the justification of normal-state subtraction in Dirac superconductors}},
author = {Hiroshi Hayasaka},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.28485},
eprint = {2608.28485},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28485},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Gauge invariance, collective modes, and the justification of normal-state subtraction in Dirac superconductors
AU - Hiroshi Hayasaka
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.28485
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28485
AB - In Dirac superconductors, the unbounded spectrum of low-energy Dirac models is known to give rise to unphysical interband contributions from deep-lying states to the electromagnetic response. To eliminate these contributions, normal-state subtraction (NSS), in which the normal-state response is subtracted from the superconducting-state response, has been widely employed. However, the relation between NSS and a gauge-invariant electromagnetic response, particularly the role of the vertex correction required by the Ward identity, has remained unclear. In this work, we consider a massive-Dirac model with s-wave pairing and analytically investigate the electromagnetic response at zero temperature by solving the Bethe--Salpeter equation and incorporating the collective-mode contribution to the electromagnetic vertex. We show that, in the static long-wavelength limit, the vertex correction exactly cancels the bare longitudinal response with NSS, yielding the vanishing longitudinal response required by gauge invariance. In contrast, the transverse component of the vertex correction vanishes in the long-wavelength limit, so that the gauge-invariant Meissner weight coincides with that obtained from the bare transverse response with NSS. Moreover, within the class of isotropic and analytic UV regularization terms, we show that gauge invariance uniquely fixes the regularization term in the static long-wavelength limit to the value prescribed by NSS. Our results thus provide a microscopic justification for NSS.
ER -