Simulation analysis of a direct/indirect conversion dual-layer X-ray detector for early identification of coronary artery calcium
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, and CAC burden is commonly used to stratify patient cardiovascular risk. Although CAC is typically quantified using computed tomography, routine chest radiography offers an opportunity for lower-dose, widely available opportunistic screening. Single-exposure dual-energy chest radiography using multilayer flat-panel detectors can generate low- and high-energy images without motion artifacts and provide material decomposition parameters, including calcification density. In this work, we investigate a direct/indirect dual-layer detector consisting of an amorphous selenium (a-Se) direct-conversion top layer and a cesium iodide scintillator-based indirect-conversion bottom layer for enhanced visualization of small CAC. A cascaded linear systems model (CLSM) simulated task-based detectability for a 1 mm calcification embedded in soft tissue. A complementary image-domain contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analysis using CT-derived patient anatomy with inserted 1 mm calcifications evaluated CNR as a function of a-Se thickness and dual-energy weighting factor. The CLSM analysis revealed peak task-based detectability at an a-Se thickness of 500-550 um and a tissue-cancellation weighting factor of 1.08. Detectability remained within a few percent of this maximum across a broad range of a-Se thicknesses (300-1000 um). The image-domain CNR analysis yielded maximum CNR at 300 um a-Se and weighting factor of 0.93, with a smaller range of 200-500 um giving acceptable CNR. These results indicate that near-equal weighting of the two detector layers improves anatomical-noise suppression and CAC conspicuity, while a 300 um a-Se top layer provides a practical design compromise between detectability, operating voltage, and manufacturability.
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BibTeX
@misc{swaby2026simulation,
title = {{Simulation analysis of a direct/indirect conversion dual-layer X-ray detector for early identification of coronary artery calcium}},
author = {Akyl Swaby and Linxi Shi and Kaitlin Hellier and Adam S. Wang and Shiva Abbaszadeh},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.00519},
eprint = {2611.00519},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00519},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Simulation analysis of a direct/indirect conversion dual-layer X-ray detector for early identification of coronary artery calcium
AU - Akyl Swaby
AU - Linxi Shi
AU - Kaitlin Hellier
AU - Adam S. Wang
AU - Shiva Abbaszadeh
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.00519
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00519
AB - Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events, and CAC burden is commonly used to stratify patient cardiovascular risk. Although CAC is typically quantified using computed tomography, routine chest radiography offers an opportunity for lower-dose, widely available opportunistic screening. Single-exposure dual-energy chest radiography using multilayer flat-panel detectors can generate low- and high-energy images without motion artifacts and provide material decomposition parameters, including calcification density. In this work, we investigate a direct/indirect dual-layer detector consisting of an amorphous selenium (a-Se) direct-conversion top layer and a cesium iodide scintillator-based indirect-conversion bottom layer for enhanced visualization of small CAC. A cascaded linear systems model (CLSM) simulated task-based detectability for a 1 mm calcification embedded in soft tissue. A complementary image-domain contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) analysis using CT-derived patient anatomy with inserted 1 mm calcifications evaluated CNR as a function of a-Se thickness and dual-energy weighting factor. The CLSM analysis revealed peak task-based detectability at an a-Se thickness of 500-550 um and a tissue-cancellation weighting factor of 1.08. Detectability remained within a few percent of this maximum across a broad range of a-Se thicknesses (300-1000 um). The image-domain CNR analysis yielded maximum CNR at 300 um a-Se and weighting factor of 0.93, with a smaller range of 200-500 um giving acceptable CNR. These results indicate that near-equal weighting of the two detector layers improves anatomical-noise suppression and CAC conspicuity, while a 300 um a-Se top layer provides a practical design compromise between detectability, operating voltage, and manufacturability.
ER -