Drug–drug adsorption-based miniaturized solid phase extraction of amlodipine from biological samples before HPLC–PDA analysis
11 affiliations
- 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
- 2Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- 3Engineering Faculty, Near East University 99138 Nicosia North Cyprus Mersin 10 Turkey
- 4Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- 5Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- 6Research and Development Center, Kimia Zist Parsian Pharmaceutical Zanjan Iran
- 7Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- 8Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 41 31772354
- 9New Material and Green Chemistry Research Center, Khazar University 41 Mehseti Street Baku AZ1096 Azerbaijan
- 10Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- 11Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
Abstract
A nifedipine-assisted miniaturized solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method was developed for the extraction and quantification of amlodipine in biological samples. The extraction process was optimized by evaluating the influence of key parameters, including nifedipine amount, agitation mode and time, aqueous phase pH, salt addition, and desorption solvent conditions. Optimal performance was obtained using 7 mg of nifedipine, vortex agitation for 3 min, pH 9, without salt addition, and using ethanol (175 µL) as the desorption solvent. Under these conditions, the method showed good analytical sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.54 and 1.7 µg L−1 in deionized water; 2.2 and 6.8 µg L−1 in plasma; and 1.9 and 6.3 µg L−1 in urine, respectively. A linear response was observed over the concentration range of 6.8–200 µg L−1 in plasma, with a correlation coefficient 0.998. The method demonstrated acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values below 8%, and an extraction recovery of 68 ± 4%. The applicability of the developed method was confirmed through analysis of spiked plasma and urine samples at the concentration levels of 10, 25, and 50 µg L−1. The relative recovery values ranged between 88% and 96% and indicated negligible matrix effects, which confirms the suitability of the method for reliable determination of amlodipine in biological matrices.
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BibTeX
@article{mohammadmehri2026drugdrug,
title = {{Drug–drug adsorption-based miniaturized solid phase extraction of amlodipine from biological samples before HPLC–PDA analysis}},
author = {Sina Mohammadmehri and Mir Ali Farajzadeh and Maryam Khoubnasabjafari and Ali Shahedi Hojghan and Sajjad Kheiali and Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam and Abolghasem Jouyban},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra04262g},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13729127},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Drug–drug adsorption-based miniaturized solid phase extraction of amlodipine from biological samples before HPLC–PDA analysis
AU - Sina Mohammadmehri
AU - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
AU - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
AU - Ali Shahedi Hojghan
AU - Sajjad Kheiali
AU - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
AU - Abolghasem Jouyban
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/03
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra04262g
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13729127
AB - A nifedipine-assisted miniaturized solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method was developed for the extraction and quantification of amlodipine in biological samples. The extraction process was optimized by evaluating the influence of key parameters, including nifedipine amount, agitation mode and time, aqueous phase pH, salt addition, and desorption solvent conditions. Optimal performance was obtained using 7 mg of nifedipine, vortex agitation for 3 min, pH 9, without salt addition, and using ethanol (175 µL) as the desorption solvent. Under these conditions, the method showed good analytical sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.54 and 1.7 µg L−1 in deionized water; 2.2 and 6.8 µg L−1 in plasma; and 1.9 and 6.3 µg L−1 in urine, respectively. A linear response was observed over the concentration range of 6.8–200 µg L−1 in plasma, with a correlation coefficient 0.998. The method demonstrated acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values below 8%, and an extraction recovery of 68 ± 4%. The applicability of the developed method was confirmed through analysis of spiked plasma and urine samples at the concentration levels of 10, 25, and 50 µg L−1. The relative recovery values ranged between 88% and 96% and indicated negligible matrix effects, which confirms the suitability of the method for reliable determination of amlodipine in biological matrices.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -