Dielectric characterisation of human adrenal glands and adrenal tumours for the development of microwave ablation technologies for hypertension treatment
Abstract
Adrenal gland-induced hypertension results from underlying adrenal gland disorders including Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. Due to the limitations of existing pharmaceutical and surgical treatment methods, minimally invasive treatment options like microwave ablation (MWA) have received significant attention for treating adrenal gland disorders. A precise comprehension of the dielectric properties of human adrenal glands will help to tailor energy delivery for MWA therapy, thus offering the potential to optimise treatments and minimise damage to surrounding tissues. This study reports the ex vivo dielectric properties of human adrenal glands, including the cortex, medulla, capsule, and tumours, based on the data obtained from four patients (diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma) who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy at the University Hospital Galway, Ireland. An open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique was used to measure the dielectric properties for a frequency range of 0.5-8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties were fitted using a two-pole Debye model, and a weighted least squares method was employed to optimise the model parameters. Moreover, the dielectric properties of adrenal tissues and tumours were compared across frequencies commonly used in MWA, including 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The study found that the dielectric properties of adrenal tumours were influenced by the presence of lipid-rich adenomas, and the dielectric properties of Cushing's syndrome tumour were lowest in comparison to the tumours in patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome and Pheochromocytoma. Furthermore, a notable difference was observed in the dielectric properties of the medulla and cortex among patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{amin2026dielectric,
title = {{Dielectric characterisation of human adrenal glands and adrenal tumours for the development of microwave ablation technologies for hypertension treatment}},
author = {Bilal Amin and Adnan Elahi and Grazia Cappiello and Niko Ištuk and Eoghan Dunne and Finn Krewer and Anne Marie Quinn and Aoife Lowery and Punit Prakash and Michael Conall Dennedy and Martin O'Halloran},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.04170},
eprint = {2611.04170},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.04170},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Dielectric characterisation of human adrenal glands and adrenal tumours for the development of microwave ablation technologies for hypertension treatment
AU - Bilal Amin
AU - Adnan Elahi
AU - Grazia Cappiello
AU - Niko Ištuk
AU - Eoghan Dunne
AU - Finn Krewer
AU - Anne Marie Quinn
AU - Aoife Lowery
AU - Punit Prakash
AU - Michael Conall Dennedy
AU - Martin O'Halloran
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/03
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.04170
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.04170
AB - Adrenal gland-induced hypertension results from underlying adrenal gland disorders including Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. Due to the limitations of existing pharmaceutical and surgical treatment methods, minimally invasive treatment options like microwave ablation (MWA) have received significant attention for treating adrenal gland disorders. A precise comprehension of the dielectric properties of human adrenal glands will help to tailor energy delivery for MWA therapy, thus offering the potential to optimise treatments and minimise damage to surrounding tissues. This study reports the ex vivo dielectric properties of human adrenal glands, including the cortex, medulla, capsule, and tumours, based on the data obtained from four patients (diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma) who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy at the University Hospital Galway, Ireland. An open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique was used to measure the dielectric properties for a frequency range of 0.5-8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties were fitted using a two-pole Debye model, and a weighted least squares method was employed to optimise the model parameters. Moreover, the dielectric properties of adrenal tissues and tumours were compared across frequencies commonly used in MWA, including 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The study found that the dielectric properties of adrenal tumours were influenced by the presence of lipid-rich adenomas, and the dielectric properties of Cushing's syndrome tumour were lowest in comparison to the tumours in patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome and Pheochromocytoma. Furthermore, a notable difference was observed in the dielectric properties of the medulla and cortex among patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma.
ER -