Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glycemic profile in adrenal insufficiency patients on glucocorticoid replacement
4 affiliations
- 1Department of Endocrinology, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- 2Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- 3Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
- 4Shanghai iMedpower Tech.LTD, Beijing, China
Abstract
Objective: Hypoglycemia is common in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), who require lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, whether this therapy restores physiological glycemic fluctuations in patients with AI remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize glucose fluctuation pattern in patients with AI using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).
Methods: Twenty-seven patients with AI on stable doses of glucocorticoid were consecutively enrolled. Fifty-four age-, sex-, and BMI-matched normal controls (NCs) were selected from a healthy volunteer database at a 2:1 ratio. CGM was conducted with a blinded method for 14 days. Glucocorticoid regimen and adverse events during CGM were documented.
Results: The AI group had a mean age of 59.53 ± 8.51 years (15 males). Compared with NCs, patients with AI exhibited increased time below range (TBR, glucose <3.9 and <3.0 mmol/L) and decreased time in range (TIR, glucose within 3.9–7.8 mmol/L). Time above range (TAR, glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L) was elevated during the lunch and dinner periods, and glucose fluctuation parameters were also increased. CGM-detected hypoglycemia was observed in all patients (27/27, 100%) versus 46/54 (85.2%) controls (P = 0.047). Patients receiving once-daily glucocorticoid had higher lunchtime TAR than those on twice-daily dosing. Hydrocortisone-treated patients showed higher breakfast and lunchtime TAR compared with prednisone users. Patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced AI had higher glucose levels and fluctuation parameters during breakfast and dinner periods than those with other etiologies.
Conclusion: Patients with AI receiving glucocorticoid replacement experience more frequent CGM-recorded asymptomatic hypoglycemia and greater glucose variability. CGM may provide valuable insights for optimizing glucocorticoid administration strategies in AI.
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BibTeX
@article{ning2026continuous,
title = {{Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glycemic profile in adrenal insufficiency patients on glucocorticoid replacement}},
author = {Cuili Ning and Rui Zhang and Wei Liu and Xianghai Zhou and Yunyang Sun and Xueyao Han and Linong Ji and Qian Ren},
journal = {Endocrine Connections},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1530/ec-26-0304},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-26-0304},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glycemic profile in adrenal insufficiency patients on glucocorticoid replacement
AU - Cuili Ning
AU - Rui Zhang
AU - Wei Liu
AU - Xianghai Zhou
AU - Yunyang Sun
AU - Xueyao Han
AU - Linong Ji
AU - Qian Ren
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
JO - Endocrine Connections
DO - 10.1530/ec-26-0304
UR - https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-26-0304
AB - Objective: Hypoglycemia is common in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI), who require lifelong glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, whether this therapy restores physiological glycemic fluctuations in patients with AI remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize glucose fluctuation pattern in patients with AI using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Methods: Twenty-seven patients with AI on stable doses of glucocorticoid were consecutively enrolled. Fifty-four age-, sex-, and BMI-matched normal controls (NCs) were selected from a healthy volunteer database at a 2:1 ratio. CGM was conducted with a blinded method for 14 days. Glucocorticoid regimen and adverse events during CGM were documented. Results: The AI group had a mean age of 59.53 ± 8.51 years (15 males). Compared with NCs, patients with AI exhibited increased time below range (TBR, glucose <3.9 and <3.0 mmol/L) and decreased time in range (TIR, glucose within 3.9–7.8 mmol/L). Time above range (TAR, glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L) was elevated during the lunch and dinner periods, and glucose fluctuation parameters were also increased. CGM-detected hypoglycemia was observed in all patients (27/27, 100%) versus 46/54 (85.2%) controls (P = 0.047). Patients receiving once-daily glucocorticoid had higher lunchtime TAR than those on twice-daily dosing. Hydrocortisone-treated patients showed higher breakfast and lunchtime TAR compared with prednisone users. Patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced AI had higher glucose levels and fluctuation parameters during breakfast and dinner periods than those with other etiologies. Conclusion: Patients with AI receiving glucocorticoid replacement experience more frequent CGM-recorded asymptomatic hypoglycemia and greater glucose variability. CGM may provide valuable insights for optimizing glucocorticoid administration strategies in AI.
SN - 2049-3614
ER -