Glycemic patterns from continuous glucose monitoring devices among women with regular and irregular menstrual cycles
- 1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Abstract
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) and early-life irregular cycles (ELIC) carry higher metabolic risks, but real-world glycemic patterns remain inadequately characterized. We analyzed 247,316 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) days from 716 consented and enrolled participants (11/2019-08/2026) in the Apple Womens Health Study, using cluster-weighted generalized estimating equations to evaluate associations between PMOS, ELIC, and glycemic metrics. Same-day wearable-assessed physical activity, digital dietary logs, and medication health records were assessed as effect modifiers. Compared to participants without PMOS and with regular cycles, those with PMOS had higher mean glucose (6.81 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.70, 14.72) and %observations above target range (3.77%; 95% CI: 0.04, 8.14). Estimates were smaller-in-magnitude for participants without PMOS but with ELIC, and larger for PMOS with androgen excess. Meeting activity goals, consuming protein-/fiber-rich diets, or using metformin/GLP-1 receptor agonists attenuated these associations. PMOS/ELIC were associated with unfavorable glycemic profiles, suggesting opportunities for risk identification and modification.
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BibTeX
@misc{wang2026glycemic,
title = {{Glycemic patterns from continuous glucose monitoring devices among women with regular and irregular menstrual cycles}},
author = {Z. Wang and G. Asokan and B. Zhang and S. Werdin and P. Bojorquez-Ramirez and S. H. Suharwardy and J.-P. Onnela and M. A. Williams and B. A. Coull and S. Mahalingaiah},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.64898/2026.10.16.26365453},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.26365453v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Glycemic patterns from continuous glucose monitoring devices among women with regular and irregular menstrual cycles
AU - Z. Wang
AU - G. Asokan
AU - B. Zhang
AU - S. Werdin
AU - P. Bojorquez-Ramirez
AU - S. H. Suharwardy
AU - J.-P. Onnela
AU - M. A. Williams
AU - B. A. Coull
AU - S. Mahalingaiah
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/16
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.10.16.26365453
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.16.26365453v1
AB - Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) and early-life irregular cycles (ELIC) carry higher metabolic risks, but real-world glycemic patterns remain inadequately characterized. We analyzed 247,316 continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) days from 716 consented and enrolled participants (11/2019-08/2026) in the Apple Womens Health Study, using cluster-weighted generalized estimating equations to evaluate associations between PMOS, ELIC, and glycemic metrics. Same-day wearable-assessed physical activity, digital dietary logs, and medication health records were assessed as effect modifiers. Compared to participants without PMOS and with regular cycles, those with PMOS had higher mean glucose (6.81 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.70, 14.72) and %observations above target range (3.77%; 95% CI: 0.04, 8.14). Estimates were smaller-in-magnitude for participants without PMOS but with ELIC, and larger for PMOS with androgen excess. Meeting activity goals, consuming protein-/fiber-rich diets, or using metformin/GLP-1 receptor agonists attenuated these associations. PMOS/ELIC were associated with unfavorable glycemic profiles, suggesting opportunities for risk identification and modification.
ER -