In Vitro Ketamine Attenuates Immune Sensitization in Major Depressive Disorder in a Concentration-Dependent Manner
- 1University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Abstract
BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental illness associated with severe clinical consequences and substantial societal burden. Its characterized by immune-inflammatory dysregulation and immune sensitization.
ObjectiveTo determine whether in vitro ketamine attenuates phytohemagglutinin (PHA)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune sensitization in patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs).
MethodsWhole blood from 18 patients with MDD and 18 HCs was stimulated with PHA/LPS and exposed to ketamine (0.3 M, 0.6 M, and 6 M) for 72 hours. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and composite immune profiles, including M1/M2 macrophages, T helper (Th)1/2/17, the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), and compensatory immunoregulatory system (CIRS), were synthesized and determined.
ResultsUnder PHA and LPS stimulation in vitro, the MDD group exhibited markedly elevated immune profiles, including M1, M2, Th1, Th2, Th17, IRS, CIRS, chemokines, and growth factors, consistent with immune sensitization. Significant group x treatment interactions were observed for Th1-Th2, M2, growth factors, IL-12(p70), M1, and chemokines. Ketamine produced minimal changes in HCs but broader suppression in MDD, particularly at the highest concentration, without normalizing the sensitized immune phenotype. Among the immune markers with no notable group x treatment interactions, ketamine exerted diagnosis-independent effects, decreasing MIP-1{beta}, IL-1{beta}, Th1, TNF-{beta}, IRS, IFN-{gamma}, and IL-2 compared to the control condition.
ConclusionsKetamine exhibited two distinct immunoregulatory patterns: selective, disease-dependent attenuation of sensitized immune pathways and broader, diagnosis-independent suppression of the stimulated immune response, predominantly at higher concentrations. However, these effects were insufficient to normalize the immune-sensitized phenotype of MDD.
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BibTeX
@misc{zhang2026vitro,
title = {{In Vitro Ketamine Attenuates Immune Sensitization in Major Depressive Disorder in a Concentration-Dependent Manner}},
author = {Y. Zhang and X. Zhuang and M. Niu and T. Chen and Y. Luo and Y. Luo and A. F. Almulla and A. F. Carvalho and M. Maes and J. Li},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.64898/2026.08.28.26361493},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.28.26361493v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - In Vitro Ketamine Attenuates Immune Sensitization in Major Depressive Disorder in a Concentration-Dependent Manner
AU - Y. Zhang
AU - X. Zhuang
AU - M. Niu
AU - T. Chen
AU - Y. Luo
AU - Y. Luo
AU - A. F. Almulla
AU - A. F. Carvalho
AU - M. Maes
AU - J. Li
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.08.28.26361493
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.28.26361493v1
AB - BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe mental illness associated with severe clinical consequences and substantial societal burden. Its characterized by immune-inflammatory dysregulation and immune sensitization. ObjectiveTo determine whether in vitro ketamine attenuates phytohemagglutinin (PHA)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune sensitization in patients with MDD and healthy controls (HCs). MethodsWhole blood from 18 patients with MDD and 18 HCs was stimulated with PHA/LPS and exposed to ketamine (0.3 M, 0.6 M, and 6 M) for 72 hours. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and composite immune profiles, including M1/M2 macrophages, T helper (Th)1/2/17, the immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), and compensatory immunoregulatory system (CIRS), were synthesized and determined. ResultsUnder PHA and LPS stimulation in vitro, the MDD group exhibited markedly elevated immune profiles, including M1, M2, Th1, Th2, Th17, IRS, CIRS, chemokines, and growth factors, consistent with immune sensitization. Significant group x treatment interactions were observed for Th1-Th2, M2, growth factors, IL-12(p70), M1, and chemokines. Ketamine produced minimal changes in HCs but broader suppression in MDD, particularly at the highest concentration, without normalizing the sensitized immune phenotype. Among the immune markers with no notable group x treatment interactions, ketamine exerted diagnosis-independent effects, decreasing MIP-1{beta}, IL-1{beta}, Th1, TNF-{beta}, IRS, IFN-{gamma}, and IL-2 compared to the control condition. ConclusionsKetamine exhibited two distinct immunoregulatory patterns: selective, disease-dependent attenuation of sensitized immune pathways and broader, diagnosis-independent suppression of the stimulated immune response, predominantly at higher concentrations. However, these effects were insufficient to normalize the immune-sensitized phenotype of MDD.
ER -