Engineered V2O5-supported silicomolybdic acid catalysts for butyl butyrate synthesis: kinetic, mechanistic, and thermodynamic insights toward sustainable aviation fuels
- 1GreenCat Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand India
- 2WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA Australia
- 3Naresh Vashisht Centre for Hydrogen and CCUS Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand India
Abstract
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have garnered considerable attention worldwide as a renewable alternative to conventional jet fuels due to growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions. This study investigates microwave-assisted esterification for butyl butyrate synthesis, a promising SAF precursor, using silicomolybdic acid-supported on V2O5 (SMA/V2O5) catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation with varying silicomolybdic acid content (0-40 wt.%) and characterized using multiple techniques. Optimization of the reaction conditions, including calcination temperature, catalyst loading, stirring speed, reaction time, and temperature, led to the identification of the 30 wt.% silicomolybdic acid-supported V2O5 (SMA/V2O5 30-4) as the most effective catalyst, achieving butyric acid conversion up to 95% and butyl butyrate yield 92%. Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-first-order behavior following the Eley-Rideal mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters, including activation energy (85.77 kJ·mol-1), Gibbs free energy (ΔG* = 103.80 kJ·mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH* = 82.68 kJ·mol-1), and entropy (ΔS* = -55.12 J·mol-1·K-1), were derived from Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The catalyst maintained high activity across five reaction cycles without substantial deactivation. These results confirm the effectiveness of V2O5-supported silicomolybdic acid catalysts in sustainable butyl butyrate production, with potential applications in SAF synthesis.
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BibTeX
@article{elahi2026engineered,
title = {{Engineered V2O5-supported silicomolybdic acid catalysts for butyl butyrate synthesis: kinetic, mechanistic, and thermodynamic insights toward sustainable aviation fuels}},
author = {Shariq Farhan Elahi and Khwaja Alamgir Ahmad and Afaq Ahmad Khan and Hussein Znad and Ejaz Ahmad},
journal = {Communications Engineering},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1038/s44172-026-00710-8},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00710-8},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Engineered V2O5-supported silicomolybdic acid catalysts for butyl butyrate synthesis: kinetic, mechanistic, and thermodynamic insights toward sustainable aviation fuels
AU - Shariq Farhan Elahi
AU - Khwaja Alamgir Ahmad
AU - Afaq Ahmad Khan
AU - Hussein Znad
AU - Ejaz Ahmad
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/14
JO - Communications Engineering
DO - 10.1038/s44172-026-00710-8
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00710-8
AB - Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) have garnered considerable attention worldwide as a renewable alternative to conventional jet fuels due to growing environmental concerns and the urgent need to reduce carbon emissions. This study investigates microwave-assisted esterification for butyl butyrate synthesis, a promising SAF precursor, using silicomolybdic acid-supported on V2O5 (SMA/V2O5) catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation with varying silicomolybdic acid content (0-40 wt.%) and characterized using multiple techniques. Optimization of the reaction conditions, including calcination temperature, catalyst loading, stirring speed, reaction time, and temperature, led to the identification of the 30 wt.% silicomolybdic acid-supported V2O5 (SMA/V2O5 30-4) as the most effective catalyst, achieving butyric acid conversion up to 95% and butyl butyrate yield 92%. Kinetic analysis revealed pseudo-first-order behavior following the Eley-Rideal mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters, including activation energy (85.77 kJ·mol-1), Gibbs free energy (ΔG* = 103.80 kJ·mol-1), enthalpy (ΔH* = 82.68 kJ·mol-1), and entropy (ΔS* = -55.12 J·mol-1·K-1), were derived from Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The catalyst maintained high activity across five reaction cycles without substantial deactivation. These results confirm the effectiveness of V2O5-supported silicomolybdic acid catalysts in sustainable butyl butyrate production, with potential applications in SAF synthesis.
SN - 2731-3395
ER -