Enhanced Detectability of Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from Off-Axis Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Impacts of Structured Jets and External Inverse-Compton Scattering
Abstract
The binary neutron star merger GW170817 established a direct link between gravitational waves and short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs), whose afterglows are commonly interpreted as nonthermal emission from structured relativistic jets viewed off-axis. Some sGRBs exhibit extended or plateau X-ray emission, suggesting prolonged central-engine activity. These X-ray photons can serve as seed photons for external inverse-Compton (EIC) scattering by relativistic electrons in the jet, producing very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. However, how the angular structure of the jet affects the detectability of EIC emission remains insufficiently explored. Here, we investigate EIC emission from off-axis structured jets and assess its detectability with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). We find that EIC emission powered by extended and/or plateau X-rays produces detectable VHE signals from nearby sGRBs, particularly during the early afterglow, significantly outshining synchrotron self-Compton emission. In our adopted models, Gaussian and power-law jets produce brighter off-axis EIC emission than a top-hat jet, extending the viewing-angle range over which VHE emission may be detectable. These results demonstrate that early VHE observations with CTAO can probe both prolonged central-engine activity and the angular structure of relativistic jets in sGRBs.
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BibTeX
@misc{sato2026enhanced,
title = {{Enhanced Detectability of Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from Off-Axis Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Impacts of Structured Jets and External Inverse-Compton Scattering}},
author = {Yuri Sato and Bing Theodore Zhang and Kohta Murase},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.41476},
eprint = {2610.41476},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41476},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Enhanced Detectability of Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from Off-Axis Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: Impacts of Structured Jets and External Inverse-Compton Scattering
AU - Yuri Sato
AU - Bing Theodore Zhang
AU - Kohta Murase
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.41476
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41476
AB - The binary neutron star merger GW170817 established a direct link between gravitational waves and short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs), whose afterglows are commonly interpreted as nonthermal emission from structured relativistic jets viewed off-axis. Some sGRBs exhibit extended or plateau X-ray emission, suggesting prolonged central-engine activity. These X-ray photons can serve as seed photons for external inverse-Compton (EIC) scattering by relativistic electrons in the jet, producing very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. However, how the angular structure of the jet affects the detectability of EIC emission remains insufficiently explored. Here, we investigate EIC emission from off-axis structured jets and assess its detectability with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). We find that EIC emission powered by extended and/or plateau X-rays produces detectable VHE signals from nearby sGRBs, particularly during the early afterglow, significantly outshining synchrotron self-Compton emission. In our adopted models, Gaussian and power-law jets produce brighter off-axis EIC emission than a top-hat jet, extending the viewing-angle range over which VHE emission may be detectable. These results demonstrate that early VHE observations with CTAO can probe both prolonged central-engine activity and the angular structure of relativistic jets in sGRBs.
ER -