Sustainable liquisolid compact system using fish viscera oil for enhanced dissolution and antioxidant activity of Baicalein
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
Abstract
Background: Baicalein (BA) is a flavonoid with significant pharmacological and antioxidant activities; however, its poor aqueous solubility and high crystallinity limit its dissolution and oral bioavailability. Liquisolid compact technology represents a promising approach for improving the dissolution behavior of poorly soluble drugs. Objective: This study aimed to develop a sustainable liquisolid compact formulation of BA using extracted fish viscera oil as a non-volatile solvent and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, dissolution behavior, and antioxidant activity. Methods: Fish oil was extracted from salmon viscera and used as a liquid vehicle for preparing BA liquisolid compacts using corn starch as a carrier and talc as a coating material. The prepared formulation was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) to evaluate drug–excipient interactions and changes in crystallinity. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted using USP apparatus II in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay in a 96-well microplate reader. Results: FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of chemical incompatibilities between BA and the formulation components. DSC and PXRD analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the crystalline nature of BA, indicating its transformation into an amorphous or molecularly dispersed state within the liquisolid compact. The liquisolid compact showed a marked improvement in drug dissolution compared with pure baicalein and the physical mixture. Furthermore, the fish oil–BA formulation exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared with BA alone. Conclusion: The developed fish oil–based liquisolid compact system significantly improved the dissolution and antioxidant performance of BA. In addition, the use of fish viscera oil provides a sustainable formulation approach by repurposing marine waste into a functional pharmaceutical excipient.
Related
- Box–Behnken design optimization of Allium cepa (onion) peels extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activity with in-silico mechanistic insights
- Exogenous 24-Epibrassinolide Alleviates Postharvest Chilling Injury in Green Pepper Fruit Associated with Enhanced Antioxidant Defense and Reduced Membrane Damage
- AcCHI, a Chitinase from Atriplex canescens, Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Osmotic and Salt Stress in Glycine max by Reinforcing Antioxidant and Osmotic Responses
- Phytochemical, Nutritional, Mineral and Antioxidant Characterization of Spirulina Biomass: Potential for Sustainable Aquaponic Crop Production
- Carbon nanoparticles synergistically improve drought tolerance and nutraceutical innovation in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.): Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-fibrotic activities enhanced via flavonoid accumulation.
BibTeX
@article{malkawi2026sustainable,
title = {{Sustainable liquisolid compact system using fish viscera oil for enhanced dissolution and antioxidant activity of Baicalein}},
author = {Ruba Malkawi},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358580},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358580},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Sustainable liquisolid compact system using fish viscera oil for enhanced dissolution and antioxidant activity of Baicalein
AU - Ruba Malkawi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/21
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0358580
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358580
AB - Background: Baicalein (BA) is a flavonoid with significant pharmacological and antioxidant activities; however, its poor aqueous solubility and high crystallinity limit its dissolution and oral bioavailability. Liquisolid compact technology represents a promising approach for improving the dissolution behavior of poorly soluble drugs. Objective: This study aimed to develop a sustainable liquisolid compact formulation of BA using extracted fish viscera oil as a non-volatile solvent and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, dissolution behavior, and antioxidant activity. Methods: Fish oil was extracted from salmon viscera and used as a liquid vehicle for preparing BA liquisolid compacts using corn starch as a carrier and talc as a coating material. The prepared formulation was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) to evaluate drug–excipient interactions and changes in crystallinity. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted using USP apparatus II in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay in a 96-well microplate reader. Results: FTIR analysis confirmed the absence of chemical incompatibilities between BA and the formulation components. DSC and PXRD analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the crystalline nature of BA, indicating its transformation into an amorphous or molecularly dispersed state within the liquisolid compact. The liquisolid compact showed a marked improvement in drug dissolution compared with pure baicalein and the physical mixture. Furthermore, the fish oil–BA formulation exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity compared with BA alone. Conclusion: The developed fish oil–based liquisolid compact system significantly improved the dissolution and antioxidant performance of BA. In addition, the use of fish viscera oil provides a sustainable formulation approach by repurposing marine waste into a functional pharmaceutical excipient.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -