Grey wolf optimization of renewable hydrogen and electric vehicle refueling stations using pv wind and hybrid energy systems
Abstract
This study develops and comparatively evaluates three fully renewable hydrogen-EV refueling station configurations powered by PV-only, wind-only, and hybrid PV-wind systems. A Grey Wolf Optimizer was coupled with an 8760-h chronological simulation to jointly determine renewable-generation capacity, electrolyzer size, and hydrogen-storage capacity while enforcing zero electrical and hydrogen supply shortages. The wind-only configuration achieved the lowest techno-economic indicators, requiring 1250 kW of wind capacity, a 594.29 kW electrolyzer, and 621.35 kg H ₂ storage, with an NPC of $3.77 million, LCOE of $0.16/kWh, and LCOH of $6.73/kg-H ₂ . The hybrid PV-wind system combined 393.68 kW PV and 950 kW wind with a 552.89 kW electrolyzer and 542.05 kg storage, achieving an NPC of $3.92 million, LCOE of $0.17/kWh, and LCOH of $6.99/kg-H ₂ . The PV-only configuration required 1622.98 kW PV, a 999.72 kW electrolyzer, and 1869.11 kg storage, resulting in a $6.67 million NPC, $0.30/kWh LCOE, and $11.89/kg-H ₂ LCOH. All scenarios achieved LPSP = 0 and LHSP = 0. The results demonstrate that renewable-source selection strongly affects system sizing, storage requirements, and lifecycle economics, while the hybrid configuration provides a diversified supply architecture with reduced dependence on fuel-cell support.
Related
- Demand aware optimization of hybrid energy storage systems for renewable electric vehicle charging stations under variable electricity demand
- Design hybrid renewable energy systems for electric vehicle charging stations at various sites in Pakistan
- Optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy resources using a modified version of walrus optimizer
- Optimization and sustainability assessment of hybrid PV-powered EV charging and hydrogen refueling systems for low-carbon transport
- Optimization of Energy Trading in Hydrogen-Integrated Storage Systems Based on Renewable Energy Profiles
BibTeX
@article{ahmadullah2026grey,
title = {{Grey wolf optimization of renewable hydrogen and electric vehicle refueling stations using pv wind and hybrid energy systems}},
author = {Ahmad Bilal Ahmadullah and Abdinasir Ahmed Abdirahman and Ehab S. Ali and Sahar M. Abd Elazim and Bashir Ahmad Karimi and Ahmad Shah Irshad and Mohammad Azim Eirgash and Abdul Habib Zaray and Najibullah Wali},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-77628-w},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77628-w},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Grey wolf optimization of renewable hydrogen and electric vehicle refueling stations using pv wind and hybrid energy systems
AU - Ahmad Bilal Ahmadullah
AU - Abdinasir Ahmed Abdirahman
AU - Ehab S. Ali
AU - Sahar M. Abd Elazim
AU - Bashir Ahmad Karimi
AU - Ahmad Shah Irshad
AU - Mohammad Azim Eirgash
AU - Abdul Habib Zaray
AU - Najibullah Wali
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/28
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-77628-w
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77628-w
AB - This study develops and comparatively evaluates three fully renewable hydrogen-EV refueling station configurations powered by PV-only, wind-only, and hybrid PV-wind systems. A Grey Wolf Optimizer was coupled with an 8760-h chronological simulation to jointly determine renewable-generation capacity, electrolyzer size, and hydrogen-storage capacity while enforcing zero electrical and hydrogen supply shortages. The wind-only configuration achieved the lowest techno-economic indicators, requiring 1250 kW of wind capacity, a 594.29 kW electrolyzer, and 621.35 kg H ₂ storage, with an NPC of $3.77 million, LCOE of $0.16/kWh, and LCOH of $6.73/kg-H ₂ . The hybrid PV-wind system combined 393.68 kW PV and 950 kW wind with a 552.89 kW electrolyzer and 542.05 kg storage, achieving an NPC of $3.92 million, LCOE of $0.17/kWh, and LCOH of $6.99/kg-H ₂ . The PV-only configuration required 1622.98 kW PV, a 999.72 kW electrolyzer, and 1869.11 kg storage, resulting in a $6.67 million NPC, $0.30/kWh LCOE, and $11.89/kg-H ₂ LCOH. All scenarios achieved LPSP = 0 and LHSP = 0. The results demonstrate that renewable-source selection strongly affects system sizing, storage requirements, and lifecycle economics, while the hybrid configuration provides a diversified supply architecture with reduced dependence on fuel-cell support.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -