Mutual Information as a Tool for Optimal Classification: Application to Identifying Rapid-Responding Behaviour
Abstract
Existing methods for identifying rapid-responding behaviour in large-scale assessments require parametric assumptions about the population. In this study, we propose a novel, non-parametric, mutual information-based framework of methods as an alternative. The methods within this framework compute the mutual information of the observed responses and discretised response times and maximise the information gain to determine a threshold that differentiates rapid responses from engaged responses. The only difference between the methods is the number of categories in the relevant variables. We present three methods explicitly. The first method uses response correctness and binarised response times. The second method uses correctness and categorises time into three groups. The third method uses raw responses and binarised times. We applied these methods to mathematics achievement data collected through the Programme for International Student Assessment in 2022. Furthermore, we examined the behaviour and usability of the first method in certain realistic conditions at the population and realised levels. The results indicated that the proposed framework is a viable alternative for identifying rapid responses. The framework's novelty lies in its non-parametric nature and its ability to utilise raw responses instead of correctness. Finally, we discuss some possible future research directions on this topic.
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BibTeX
@misc{holopainen2026mutual,
title = {{Mutual Information as a Tool for Optimal Classification: Application to Identifying Rapid-Responding Behaviour}},
author = {Santeri Holopainen and Jari Metsämuuronen and Mikko-Jussi Laakso and Janne V. Kujala},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.19781},
eprint = {2609.19781},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19781},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Mutual Information as a Tool for Optimal Classification: Application to Identifying Rapid-Responding Behaviour
AU - Santeri Holopainen
AU - Jari Metsämuuronen
AU - Mikko-Jussi Laakso
AU - Janne V. Kujala
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.19781
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19781
AB - Existing methods for identifying rapid-responding behaviour in large-scale assessments require parametric assumptions about the population. In this study, we propose a novel, non-parametric, mutual information-based framework of methods as an alternative. The methods within this framework compute the mutual information of the observed responses and discretised response times and maximise the information gain to determine a threshold that differentiates rapid responses from engaged responses. The only difference between the methods is the number of categories in the relevant variables. We present three methods explicitly. The first method uses response correctness and binarised response times. The second method uses correctness and categorises time into three groups. The third method uses raw responses and binarised times. We applied these methods to mathematics achievement data collected through the Programme for International Student Assessment in 2022. Furthermore, we examined the behaviour and usability of the first method in certain realistic conditions at the population and realised levels. The results indicated that the proposed framework is a viable alternative for identifying rapid responses. The framework's novelty lies in its non-parametric nature and its ability to utilise raw responses instead of correctness. Finally, we discuss some possible future research directions on this topic.
ER -