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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Veterinary Medicine and Science

Comprehensive Ophthalmic Evaluation of Clinically Normal Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests, Tear‐Film Biochemistry and Serum Correlations, Conjunctival Microbiota and Ophthalmic Artery Haemodynamics

  • Ali Davari1
  • Mohammad Abarkar2
  • Sajad Maleki3
  • Ehsan Mirsadeghi1
  • Mohammad Reza Tabandeh4,5
  • Iradj Ashrafi Tamai6
  • Mostafa Hajinasrollah1
  • Ahmad Vosough Taghi Dizaj7
7 affiliations
  1. 1Animal Core Facility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR Tehran Iran
  2. 2Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University Karaj Iran
  3. 3Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
  4. 4Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
  5. 5Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
  6. 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
  7. 7Department of Reproductive Imaging, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR Tehran Iran
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Abstract

Background: The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is an important non‐human primate model in ophthalmic research; however, comprehensive baseline data integrating clinical ophthalmic examinations, tear biochemistry, conjunctival microbiota and ophthalmic artery haemodynamics are limited. This study established normal ophthalmic baseline values and evaluated tear biochemical components and their correlations with serum concentrations in clinically healthy rhesus monkeys.

Methods: Thirty clinically healthy rhesus monkeys (3–11 years; both sexes) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including blink frequency, palpebral fissure length (PFL), Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), tear film breakup time (TBUT), intraocular pressure (IOP) in lateral and seated positions, ophthalmic artery colour Doppler ultrasonography and conjunctival bacterial culture. Tear and serum samples were analysed for albumin, glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen, cholesterol and total protein. The effects of age and sex and correlations between tear and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated.

Results: Mean baseline values were: blink frequency 10.48 ± 2.33 blinks/min, PFL 16.47 ± 1.49 mm, STT‐1 13.93 ± 4.83 mm/min, TBUT 10.50 ± 2.66 s, IOP 22.22 ± 3.90 mmHg (lateral) and 17.34 ± 3.38 mmHg (seated) and ophthalmic artery Doppler indices of PSV 41.65 ± 3.57 cm/s, EDV 19.45 ± 3.64 cm/s, PI 0.76 ± 0.16 and RI 0.53 ± 0.07. No significant differences were observed between eyes or sexes, whereas age significantly affected STT‐1 and PFL. Conjunctival cultures were predominantly Gram‐positive, with Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. most frequently isolated. Glucose and total protein differed significantly between tear and serum samples, while tear and serum glucose and urea concentrations were significantly correlated.

Conclusions: These findings establish comprehensive ophthalmic, microbiological, haemodynamic and tear biochemical baseline values for healthy rhesus monkeys, providing a valuable baseline for clinical evaluation, early disease detection and comparative ophthalmic research.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{davari2026comprehensive,
  title = {{Comprehensive Ophthalmic Evaluation of Clinically Normal Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests, Tear‐Film Biochemistry and Serum Correlations, Conjunctival Microbiota and Ophthalmic Artery Haemodynamics}},
  author = {Ali Davari and Mohammad Abarkar and Sajad Maleki and Ehsan Mirsadeghi and Mohammad Reza Tabandeh and Iradj Ashrafi Tamai and Mostafa Hajinasrollah and Ahmad Vosough Taghi Dizaj},
  journal = {Veterinary Medicine and Science},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1002/vms3.71277},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71277},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Comprehensive Ophthalmic Evaluation of Clinically Normal Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Selected Ophthalmic Diagnostic Tests, Tear‐Film Biochemistry and Serum Correlations, Conjunctival Microbiota and Ophthalmic Artery Haemodynamics
AU  - Ali Davari
AU  - Mohammad Abarkar
AU  - Sajad Maleki
AU  - Ehsan Mirsadeghi
AU  - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
AU  - Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
AU  - Mostafa Hajinasrollah
AU  - Ahmad Vosough Taghi Dizaj
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/27
JO  - Veterinary Medicine and Science
DO  - 10.1002/vms3.71277
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.71277
AB  - Background: The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is an important non‐human primate model in ophthalmic research; however, comprehensive baseline data integrating clinical ophthalmic examinations, tear biochemistry, conjunctival microbiota and ophthalmic artery haemodynamics are limited. This study established normal ophthalmic baseline values and evaluated tear biochemical components and their correlations with serum concentrations in clinically healthy rhesus monkeys.  Methods: Thirty clinically healthy rhesus monkeys (3–11 years; both sexes) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including blink frequency, palpebral fissure length (PFL), Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), tear film breakup time (TBUT), intraocular pressure (IOP) in lateral and seated positions, ophthalmic artery colour Doppler ultrasonography and conjunctival bacterial culture. Tear and serum samples were analysed for albumin, glucose, creatinine, urea nitrogen, cholesterol and total protein. The effects of age and sex and correlations between tear and serum biochemical parameters were evaluated.  Results: Mean baseline values were: blink frequency 10.48 ± 2.33 blinks/min, PFL 16.47 ± 1.49 mm, STT‐1 13.93 ± 4.83 mm/min, TBUT 10.50 ± 2.66 s, IOP 22.22 ± 3.90 mmHg (lateral) and 17.34 ± 3.38 mmHg (seated) and ophthalmic artery Doppler indices of PSV 41.65 ± 3.57 cm/s, EDV 19.45 ± 3.64 cm/s, PI 0.76 ± 0.16 and RI 0.53 ± 0.07. No significant differences were observed between eyes or sexes, whereas age significantly affected STT‐1 and PFL. Conjunctival cultures were predominantly Gram‐positive, with Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. most frequently isolated. Glucose and total protein differed significantly between tear and serum samples, while tear and serum glucose and urea concentrations were significantly correlated.  Conclusions: These findings establish comprehensive ophthalmic, microbiological, haemodynamic and tear biochemical baseline values for healthy rhesus monkeys, providing a valuable baseline for clinical evaluation, early disease detection and comparative ophthalmic research.
SN  - 2053-1095
ER  -