Semi-classical analysis of noise squeezing in Kerr microresonators
Abstract
Kerr microresonators are integrated nonlinear devices widely used to generate classical optical frequency combs and nonclassical states of light. In particular, they provide a promising platform for squeezed light sources, which are important elements of emerging quantum sensing, communication, and computing technologies. Designing such sources requires numerical tools that efficiently incorporate realistic device physics and noise processes. Here, we show that established semi-classical frameworks based on the Lugiato-Lefever equation and the Ikeda map, instrumental in the development of classical light sources, can also predict the quadrature-noise properties of squeezed light when vacuum fluctuations are properly included. We consider three canonical configurations producing two-mode quadrature squeezing, single-mode quadrature squeezing, and intensity difference squeezing. In each case, the semi-classical simulations produce quadrature variances and noise spectra in close agreement with the quantum theoretical predictions. These frameworks therefore provide practical tools for designing squeezed light sources, with the capability to incorporate additional noise mechanisms, nonlinear effects, and complex resonator arrangements. More fundamentally, our results show that key experimental signatures of squeezing can be modeled as phase-sensitive amplification of properly normalized vacuum fluctuations within stochastic semi-classical field equations. This observation helps distinguish squeezing properties accessible through semi-classical field evolution from those intrinsically requiring a full quantum description.
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BibTeX
@misc{persia2026semiclassical,
title = {{Semi-classical analysis of noise squeezing in Kerr microresonators}},
author = {Sara Persia and Lev Fandeev and Fuchuan Lei and Bastian Ruhnke and Alexander E. Ulanov and Vaishali Adya and Victor Torres-Company and Tobias Herr},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.00805},
eprint = {2611.00805},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00805},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Semi-classical analysis of noise squeezing in Kerr microresonators
AU - Sara Persia
AU - Lev Fandeev
AU - Fuchuan Lei
AU - Bastian Ruhnke
AU - Alexander E. Ulanov
AU - Vaishali Adya
AU - Victor Torres-Company
AU - Tobias Herr
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.00805
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00805
AB - Kerr microresonators are integrated nonlinear devices widely used to generate classical optical frequency combs and nonclassical states of light. In particular, they provide a promising platform for squeezed light sources, which are important elements of emerging quantum sensing, communication, and computing technologies. Designing such sources requires numerical tools that efficiently incorporate realistic device physics and noise processes. Here, we show that established semi-classical frameworks based on the Lugiato-Lefever equation and the Ikeda map, instrumental in the development of classical light sources, can also predict the quadrature-noise properties of squeezed light when vacuum fluctuations are properly included. We consider three canonical configurations producing two-mode quadrature squeezing, single-mode quadrature squeezing, and intensity difference squeezing. In each case, the semi-classical simulations produce quadrature variances and noise spectra in close agreement with the quantum theoretical predictions. These frameworks therefore provide practical tools for designing squeezed light sources, with the capability to incorporate additional noise mechanisms, nonlinear effects, and complex resonator arrangements. More fundamentally, our results show that key experimental signatures of squeezing can be modeled as phase-sensitive amplification of properly normalized vacuum fluctuations within stochastic semi-classical field equations. This observation helps distinguish squeezing properties accessible through semi-classical field evolution from those intrinsically requiring a full quantum description.
ER -