From Salvia dumetorum Hydroethanolic Extract to Tablet Formulation: Integrated Phytochemical, Biological, and Preclinical Safety Evaluation
4 affiliations
- 1School of Pharmacy, Karaganda Medical University, Gogol Street, 40, Karaganda 100017, Kazakhstan
- 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Türkiye
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- 4Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Salvia dumetorum Andrz. ex Besser is a relatively understudied medicinal plant with promising biological potential, but its phytochemical characteristics and the safety of preparations developed from its extract remain insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and biological properties of S. dumetorum extract and to evaluate the preclinical safety of tablets developed on its basis. Methods: The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by microwave-assisted extraction and characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, while total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities were determined using spectrophotometric and microbiological assays. Results: The extract TPC and TFC were 40.15 ± 2.25 mg GAE/gextrt and 40.55 ± 5.56 mg QE/gextr, respectively. HPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS/MS profiling revealed a diverse spectrum of phenolic, flavonoid, diterpenoid, and organic acid constituents. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of 1.88 ± 0.07 mM, 250.43 ± 12.08 mg AsAE/gextr, and 427.91 ± 9.74 mg TE/gextr, respectively, and a DPPH IC50 of 0.03 ± 0.00 mg/mL. α-Amylase inhibitory activity was 5.63 ± 0.51 mg AcrE/gextr, while antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms was observed at MICs of 1.25–10 mg/mL. The resulting tablets retained measurable antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities, although their activity profiles differed from those of the original extract. Comprehensive in vivo evaluation demonstrated no treatment-related adverse effects following repeated administration, including no significant effects on immune parameters, female reproductive function, embryofetal development, skeletal ossification, or sensitization. Conclusions: S. dumetorum extract demonstrated diverse biological activities, while the tablet formulation showed a favorable preclinical safety profile. These findings extend the available acute toxicity data and support the further pharmaceutical development of this tablet formulation.
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BibTeX
@article{levaya2026from,
title = {{From Salvia dumetorum Hydroethanolic Extract to Tablet Formulation: Integrated Phytochemical, Biological, and Preclinical Safety Evaluation}},
author = {Yana K. Levaya and Karakoz Zh. Badekova and Gulnissa K. Kurmantayeva and Mussa E. Zholdasbayev and Gülmira Özek and Temel Özek and Izabela Korona-Glowniak and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Elina Smagulova and Gayane A. Atazhanova},
journal = {Molecules},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/molecules31213802},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3802},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - From Salvia dumetorum Hydroethanolic Extract to Tablet Formulation: Integrated Phytochemical, Biological, and Preclinical Safety Evaluation
AU - Yana K. Levaya
AU - Karakoz Zh. Badekova
AU - Gulnissa K. Kurmantayeva
AU - Mussa E. Zholdasbayev
AU - Gülmira Özek
AU - Temel Özek
AU - Izabela Korona-Glowniak
AU - Wirginia Kukula-Koch
AU - Elina Smagulova
AU - Gayane A. Atazhanova
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/22
JO - Molecules
DO - 10.3390/molecules31213802
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3802
AB - Background/Objectives: Salvia dumetorum Andrz. ex Besser is a relatively understudied medicinal plant with promising biological potential, but its phytochemical characteristics and the safety of preparations developed from its extract remain insufficiently investigated. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and biological properties of S. dumetorum extract and to evaluate the preclinical safety of tablets developed on its basis. Methods: The hydroethanolic extract was obtained by microwave-assisted extraction and characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, while total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities were determined using spectrophotometric and microbiological assays. Results: The extract TPC and TFC were 40.15 ± 2.25 mg GAE/gextrt and 40.55 ± 5.56 mg QE/gextr, respectively. HPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS/MS profiling revealed a diverse spectrum of phenolic, flavonoid, diterpenoid, and organic acid constituents. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of 1.88 ± 0.07 mM, 250.43 ± 12.08 mg AsAE/gextr, and 427.91 ± 9.74 mg TE/gextr, respectively, and a DPPH IC50 of 0.03 ± 0.00 mg/mL. α-Amylase inhibitory activity was 5.63 ± 0.51 mg AcrE/gextr, while antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms was observed at MICs of 1.25–10 mg/mL. The resulting tablets retained measurable antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities, although their activity profiles differed from those of the original extract. Comprehensive in vivo evaluation demonstrated no treatment-related adverse effects following repeated administration, including no significant effects on immune parameters, female reproductive function, embryofetal development, skeletal ossification, or sensitization. Conclusions: S. dumetorum extract demonstrated diverse biological activities, while the tablet formulation showed a favorable preclinical safety profile. These findings extend the available acute toxicity data and support the further pharmaceutical development of this tablet formulation.
SN - 1420-3049
ER -