Three-Electrode TiO2 + rGO Cells: Classical Controls and Interpretation within a Quantum-Discord Framework
Abstract
In three-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the impedance/capacitance response of the working electrode (WE) is measured relative to the reference electrode (RE), whereas the current required by potentiostatic control flows between the WE and the counter electrode (CE). Under classical three-electrode operation, the measured WE-RE response should therefore be independent of the properties of the electrode used as the CE, provided that conventional electrochemical and instrumental artifacts are negligible. Here, we test this expectation in cells containing nanostructured electrodes TiO2 + rGO and examine the results within a framework motivated by quantum discord to describe effective interelectrode correlations. We used dummy-cell measurements, a two-electrode bar-bar control, comparisons between Pt and bar CEs, a dummy circuit introduced into the CE branch, and CE ensemble comparisons to distinguish additive circuit behavior from CE-dependent behavior specific to the three-electrode configuration. In these experiments, the measured three-electrode capacitance response depends on CE, an effect that is not reproduced by the dummy-circuit controls examined. These findings identify a macroscopic CE-dependent capacitance response that departs from the tested classical expectation and is compatible with an effective interelectrode-correlation framework motivated by quantum discord, although the capacitance evidence alone does not constitute a direct measurement of quantum discord.
Related
- Bridging classical and quantum interpretation of chemical state analysis by XPS/HAXPES to resolve short-range order in amorphous alumina films
- Quantum-classical solvation hydrodynamics: a Hamiltonian modeling framework
- Systematic Investigation of Classical Molecular Dynamics Models for Ionic Liquid‐Based Electrolytes at Electrode Interfaces
- Modification of Electrical Transport in a Grating-Electrode GaN/AlGaN Quantum-Well Device by Ti3C2Tx MXene Under 254 nm Illumination
- Metal-organic framework-derived porous zinc oxide-carbon nanocomposites and nanoporous carbon as electrode materials for high-performance energy storage devices.
BibTeX
@misc{gonzalez2026threeelectrode,
title = {{Three-Electrode TiO2 + rGO Cells: Classical Controls and Interpretation within a Quantum-Discord Framework}},
author = {Kevin A. Gonzalez and Nicolas H. Toledo and David A. Miranda},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.04252},
eprint = {2609.04252},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04252},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Three-Electrode TiO2 + rGO Cells: Classical Controls and Interpretation within a Quantum-Discord Framework
AU - Kevin A. Gonzalez
AU - Nicolas H. Toledo
AU - David A. Miranda
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.04252
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.04252
AB - In three-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the impedance/capacitance response of the working electrode (WE) is measured relative to the reference electrode (RE), whereas the current required by potentiostatic control flows between the WE and the counter electrode (CE). Under classical three-electrode operation, the measured WE-RE response should therefore be independent of the properties of the electrode used as the CE, provided that conventional electrochemical and instrumental artifacts are negligible. Here, we test this expectation in cells containing nanostructured electrodes TiO2 + rGO and examine the results within a framework motivated by quantum discord to describe effective interelectrode correlations. We used dummy-cell measurements, a two-electrode bar-bar control, comparisons between Pt and bar CEs, a dummy circuit introduced into the CE branch, and CE ensemble comparisons to distinguish additive circuit behavior from CE-dependent behavior specific to the three-electrode configuration. In these experiments, the measured three-electrode capacitance response depends on CE, an effect that is not reproduced by the dummy-circuit controls examined. These findings identify a macroscopic CE-dependent capacitance response that departs from the tested classical expectation and is compatible with an effective interelectrode-correlation framework motivated by quantum discord, although the capacitance evidence alone does not constitute a direct measurement of quantum discord.
ER -