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PreprintCC BY 4.0arXiv

A unified approach for estimation of unnormalized models via Stein operators

  • Mitsuki Nagai
  • Keisuke Yano
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Abstract

In this paper, we develop a unified framework connecting proper scoring rules and Stein's method for the estimation of unnormalized models. We construct a class of proper scoring rules that encompasses score matching, ratio matching, pseudolikelihood, and noise contrastive estimation. We show that these proper scoring rules naturally induce Stein operators. This connection yields a new construction principle for Stein operators, and enables us to study estimators based on these scoring rules through the geometry associated with the induced Stein operators. Using this geometric perspective, we provide a unified characterization of the asymptotic efficiency of the resulting estimators.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{nagai2026unified,
  title = {{A unified approach for estimation of unnormalized models via Stein operators}},
  author = {Mitsuki Nagai and Keisuke Yano},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.29510},
  eprint = {2610.29510},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29510},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - A unified approach for estimation of unnormalized models via Stein operators
AU  - Mitsuki Nagai
AU  - Keisuke Yano
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/21
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.29510
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.29510
AB  - In this paper, we develop a unified framework connecting proper scoring rules and Stein's method for the estimation of unnormalized models. We construct a class of proper scoring rules that encompasses score matching, ratio matching, pseudolikelihood, and noise contrastive estimation. We show that these proper scoring rules naturally induce Stein operators. This connection yields a new construction principle for Stein operators, and enables us to study estimators based on these scoring rules through the geometry associated with the induced Stein operators. Using this geometric perspective, we provide a unified characterization of the asymptotic efficiency of the resulting estimators.
ER  -