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Peer-reviewedCC BYAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales from Intestinal Colonization in Loja, Ecuador.

  • Rosa Janneth Simaluiza-Masabanda1
  • Blanca Pérez-Viso2,3
  • Alisson Cambisaca4
  • José Luis Chocho4
  • José Miguel Romero-Saritama5
  • Sofía Ochoa1
  • Carmen Ullauri6,7
  • Alexander Lizalde4
  • Jeniffer Uchuari4
  • Christian Jumbo4
  • Heriberto Fernández8
  • Rafael Cantón2,3
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110101, Ecuador.
  2. 2Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain.
  3. 3CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
  4. 4Degree Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110101, Ecuador.
  5. 5Department of Biological and Exact Sciences, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110101, Ecuador.
  6. 6Microbiology Laboratory, Isidro Ayora General Hospital, Loja 110103, Ecuador.
  7. 7Faculty of Human Health, National University of Loja, Loja 110101, Ecuador.
  8. 8Institute of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales pose a significant threat to public health due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. In Ecuador, molecular characterization of these microorganisms remains limited. The objective of this study was to phenotypically and molecularly characterize ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in patients treated at a referral hospital in Loja, Ecuador. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022-October 2023. 862 intestinal samples (stool samples and rectal swabs) were analyzed: 799 obtained from outpatient clinics, 34 from medical/surgical hospitalization wards, and 29 from the intensive care unit (ICU). Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Detection of ESBL and carbapenemase genes was performed using multiplex PCR. Phenotypic clustering was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results: A total of 195 (22.6%) ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were identified, of which 89 were molecularly characterized. Escherichia coli was the predominant species (79.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.7%). High resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (57.1-100%) were observed being lower resistance to aminoglycosides (amikacin 1.5-57.1%; gentamicin 10.3-100%). The gene blaCTX-M was the most frequent, detected in 79.8% of isolates, mainly in combination with blaTEM-1 (59.6%). Among the CTX-M family, the blaCTX-M-1 group was predominant (87.3%). Two isolates carried blaKPC. FT-IR analysis revealed species-dependent phenotypic clusters, particularly in K. pneumoniae, whereas E. coli showed greater spectral heterogeneity. Conclusions: ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were frequently identified among analyzed samples and exhibited a marked pattern of multidrug resistance, with a predominance of blaCTX-M genes. These findings support the strengthening of molecular surveillance that might impact antimicrobial use.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{simaluizamasabanda2026phenotypic,
  title = {{Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales from Intestinal Colonization in Loja, Ecuador.}},
  author = {Rosa Janneth Simaluiza-Masabanda and Blanca Pérez-Viso and Alisson Cambisaca and José Luis Chocho and José Miguel Romero-Saritama and Sofía Ochoa and Carmen Ullauri and Alexander Lizalde and Jeniffer Uchuari and Christian Jumbo and Heriberto Fernández and Rafael Cantón},
  journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/antibiotics15100998},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42938739},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of ESBL-Producing Enterobacterales from Intestinal Colonization in Loja, Ecuador.
AU  - Rosa Janneth Simaluiza-Masabanda
AU  - Blanca Pérez-Viso
AU  - Alisson Cambisaca
AU  - José Luis Chocho
AU  - José Miguel Romero-Saritama
AU  - Sofía Ochoa
AU  - Carmen Ullauri
AU  - Alexander Lizalde
AU  - Jeniffer Uchuari
AU  - Christian Jumbo
AU  - Heriberto Fernández
AU  - Rafael Cantón
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/09
JO  - Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
DO  - 10.3390/antibiotics15100998
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42938739
AB  - Background/Objectives: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales pose a significant threat to public health due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. In Ecuador, molecular characterization of these microorganisms remains limited. The objective of this study was to phenotypically and molecularly characterize ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in patients treated at a referral hospital in Loja, Ecuador. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022-October 2023. 862 intestinal samples (stool samples and rectal swabs) were analyzed: 799 obtained from outpatient clinics, 34 from medical/surgical hospitalization wards, and 29 from the intensive care unit (ICU). Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. Detection of ESBL and carbapenemase genes was performed using multiplex PCR. Phenotypic clustering was assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results: A total of 195 (22.6%) ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were identified, of which 89 were molecularly characterized. Escherichia coli was the predominant species (79.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.7%). High resistance rates to ciprofloxacin (57.1-100%) were observed being lower resistance to aminoglycosides (amikacin 1.5-57.1%; gentamicin 10.3-100%). The gene blaCTX-M was the most frequent, detected in 79.8% of isolates, mainly in combination with blaTEM-1 (59.6%). Among the CTX-M family, the blaCTX-M-1 group was predominant (87.3%). Two isolates carried blaKPC. FT-IR analysis revealed species-dependent phenotypic clusters, particularly in K. pneumoniae, whereas E. coli showed greater spectral heterogeneity. Conclusions: ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were frequently identified among analyzed samples and exhibited a marked pattern of multidrug resistance, with a predominance of blaCTX-M genes. These findings support the strengthening of molecular surveillance that might impact antimicrobial use.
SN  - 2079-6382
ER  -