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Peer-reviewedCC BYPhysics of Life Reviews

Costs and benefits of phytoplankton motility

  • Peyman Fahimi1,2
  • Andrew J. Irwin3,2
  • Michael Lynch4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada. Electronic address: [email protected]
  2. 2Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2 Canada
  3. 3Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada. Electronic address: [email protected]
  4. 4Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
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Abstract

The motility skills of phytoplankton have evolved and persisted over millions of years, primarily in response to factors such as nutrient and light availability, temperature and viscosity gradients, turbulence, and predation pressure. Phytoplankton motility is broadly categorized into swimming and buoyancy regulation. Despite studies in the literature exploring the motility costs and benefits of phytoplankton, there remains a gap in our integrative understanding of direct and indirect energy expenditures, starting from when an organism initiates movement due to any biophysical motive, to when the organism encounters intracellular and environmental challenges. Here we gather available pieces of this puzzle from literature in biology, physics, and oceanography to paint an overarching picture of our current knowledge. The characterization of sinking and rising behavior as passive motility has resulted in the concept of sinking and rising internal efficiency being overlooked. We define this efficiency based on any energy dissipation associated with processes of mass density adjustment, as exemplified in structures like frustules and vacuoles. We propose that sinking and rising are active motility processes involving non-visible mechanisms, as species demonstrate active and rapid strategies in response to turbulence, predation risk, and gradients of nutrients, light, temperature, and viscosity. Identifying intracellular buoyancy-regulating dissipative processes offers deeper insight into the motility costs relative to the organism's total metabolic rate.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fahimi2026costs,
  title = {{Costs and benefits of phytoplankton motility}},
  author = {Peyman Fahimi and Andrew J. Irwin and Michael Lynch},
  journal = {Physics of Life Reviews},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2026.08.004},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2026.08.004},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Costs and benefits of phytoplankton motility
AU  - Peyman Fahimi
AU  - Andrew J. Irwin
AU  - Michael Lynch
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/16
JO  - Physics of Life Reviews
DO  - 10.1016/j.plrev.2026.08.004
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2026.08.004
AB  - The motility skills of phytoplankton have evolved and persisted over millions of years, primarily in response to factors such as nutrient and light availability, temperature and viscosity gradients, turbulence, and predation pressure. Phytoplankton motility is broadly categorized into swimming and buoyancy regulation. Despite studies in the literature exploring the motility costs and benefits of phytoplankton, there remains a gap in our integrative understanding of direct and indirect energy expenditures, starting from when an organism initiates movement due to any biophysical motive, to when the organism encounters intracellular and environmental challenges. Here we gather available pieces of this puzzle from literature in biology, physics, and oceanography to paint an overarching picture of our current knowledge. The characterization of sinking and rising behavior as passive motility has resulted in the concept of sinking and rising internal efficiency being overlooked. We define this efficiency based on any energy dissipation associated with processes of mass density adjustment, as exemplified in structures like frustules and vacuoles. We propose that sinking and rising are active motility processes involving non-visible mechanisms, as species demonstrate active and rapid strategies in response to turbulence, predation risk, and gradients of nutrients, light, temperature, and viscosity. Identifying intracellular buoyancy-regulating dissipative processes offers deeper insight into the motility costs relative to the organism's total metabolic rate.
SN  - 1571-0645
SN  - 1873-1457
ER  -