Rotating black holes surrounded by PFDM in STVG: Shadows and eikonal quasinormal modes
Abstract
We investigate the optical and dynamical properties of a rotating black hole in scalar--tensor--vector gravity (STVG) surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter (PFDM). Starting from the static STVG--PFDM geometry, we consider a Kerr-like rotating extension characterized by the spin parameter a, the STVG coupling α, and the PFDM parameter λ. We first examine the horizon structure and a radial effective mass function, then analyze null geodesics and unstable spherical photon orbits. We use these results to construct the black-hole shadow and study its size, distortion, and dependence on model parameters and observer inclination. We then compare the predicted angular shadow diameter with the Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87* and Sgr~A* in the (a,α) parameter space for representative values of the PFDM parameter. The comparison shows that the PFDM contribution can shift the parameter-space region compatible with the observed shadow diameter, while the shadow size is generally less sensitive to spin than to deformation. We further estimate the Hawking energy-emission spectrum in the high-frequency geometric-optics approximation, using the shadow radius as an effective absorption scale. Finally, we study the quasinormal-mode spectrum in the eikonal limit through the correspondence between unstable photon orbits and ringdown frequencies. The numerical results recover the expected Schwarzschild limit and show a clear separation between the prograde and retrograde modes as the spin increases. The combined analysis provides a consistent optical, energy emission, and ringdown characterization of the rotating STVG--PFDM geometry.
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BibTeX
@misc{zahid2026rotating,
title = {{Rotating black holes surrounded by PFDM in STVG: Shadows and eikonal quasinormal modes}},
author = {Muhammad Zahid and Zhiling Liu and Saeed Ullah Khan and Javlon Rayimbaev},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.28583},
eprint = {2609.28583},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28583},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Rotating black holes surrounded by PFDM in STVG: Shadows and eikonal quasinormal modes
AU - Muhammad Zahid
AU - Zhiling Liu
AU - Saeed Ullah Khan
AU - Javlon Rayimbaev
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.28583
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28583
AB - We investigate the optical and dynamical properties of a rotating black hole in scalar--tensor--vector gravity (STVG) surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter (PFDM). Starting from the static STVG--PFDM geometry, we consider a Kerr-like rotating extension characterized by the spin parameter a, the STVG coupling α, and the PFDM parameter λ. We first examine the horizon structure and a radial effective mass function, then analyze null geodesics and unstable spherical photon orbits. We use these results to construct the black-hole shadow and study its size, distortion, and dependence on model parameters and observer inclination. We then compare the predicted angular shadow diameter with the Event Horizon Telescope observations of M87^* and Sgr~A^* in the (a,α) parameter space for representative values of the PFDM parameter. The comparison shows that the PFDM contribution can shift the parameter-space region compatible with the observed shadow diameter, while the shadow size is generally less sensitive to spin than to deformation. We further estimate the Hawking energy-emission spectrum in the high-frequency geometric-optics approximation, using the shadow radius as an effective absorption scale. Finally, we study the quasinormal-mode spectrum in the eikonal limit through the correspondence between unstable photon orbits and ringdown frequencies. The numerical results recover the expected Schwarzschild limit and show a clear separation between the prograde and retrograde modes as the spin increases. The combined analysis provides a consistent optical, energy emission, and ringdown characterization of the rotating STVG--PFDM geometry.
ER -