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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Pharmacology

Overcoming adaptive resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: integrating targeted therapies, immunotherapy synergy, and nanocarrier delivery

  • Luke Ding1
  • Anna Staskiewicz2
  • Jesse Kao3
  • Xinyu Wang3,4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Lambert High School
  2. 2Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University
  3. 3Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine Program, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus
  4. 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine – Georgia Campus
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Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, characterized by high mortality rates, tumor adaptation and heterogeneity, and immune evasion mechanisms. Despite recent advancements in chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remain low, signifying the need for new strategies and innovative treatments. This review explores the combinatorial potential of immunotherapy with direct targeting of tumor growth to address the multifaceted challenges of NSCLC. Key approaches include small-molecule inhibitors, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibition, angiogenesis inhibition, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Nanocarrier systems enable coordinated drug release and pharmacological synergy, thereby ensuring effective inhibition of pathways in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, this review addresses several resistance mechanisms in the context of specific inhibitors (e.g., EGFR and ALK inhibitors). Translational insights help bridge preclinical findings to clinical applications with an emphasis on angiogenesis inhibition and personalized approaches. Ethical considerations such as consent and preclinical safety testing are emphasized to ensure the safe development of these therapies. With the new generation of genetic engineering, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies for tumor growth, this work discusses the potential to transform lung cancer treatment.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ding2026overcoming,
  title = {{Overcoming adaptive resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: integrating targeted therapies, immunotherapy synergy, and nanocarrier delivery}},
  author = {Luke Ding and Anna Staskiewicz and Jesse Kao and Xinyu Wang},
  journal = {Frontiers in Pharmacology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fphar.2026.1960752},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1960752/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Overcoming adaptive resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: integrating targeted therapies, immunotherapy synergy, and nanocarrier delivery
AU  - Luke Ding
AU  - Anna Staskiewicz
AU  - Jesse Kao
AU  - Xinyu Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/16
JO  - Frontiers in Pharmacology
DO  - 10.3389/fphar.2026.1960752
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1960752/full
AB  - Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, characterized by high mortality rates, tumor adaptation and heterogeneity, and immune evasion mechanisms. Despite recent advancements in chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, survival rates for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remain low, signifying the need for new strategies and innovative treatments. This review explores the combinatorial potential of immunotherapy with direct targeting of tumor growth to address the multifaceted challenges of NSCLC. Key approaches include small-molecule inhibitors, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibition, angiogenesis inhibition, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Nanocarrier systems enable coordinated drug release and pharmacological synergy, thereby ensuring effective inhibition of pathways in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, this review addresses several resistance mechanisms in the context of specific inhibitors (e.g., EGFR and ALK inhibitors). Translational insights help bridge preclinical findings to clinical applications with an emphasis on angiogenesis inhibition and personalized approaches. Ethical considerations such as consent and preclinical safety testing are emphasized to ensure the safe development of these therapies. With the new generation of genetic engineering, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies for tumor growth, this work discusses the potential to transform lung cancer treatment.
SN  - 1663-9812
ER  -