HPV16 Utilizes Phospholipase C(s) for its Genome Egress
- 1LSU Health Shreveport
Abstract
Nuclear delivery of human papillomavirus (HPV) requires infected cells to undergo mitosis. Incoming HPV DNA is protected by a transport vesicle structure, which becomes unstable post-mitosis. We have previously shown that HPV genome egress takes on average 4 hours post-mitosis completion; thus, we propose that an enzymatic process is involved in degrading this transport vesicle to allow genome egress. Several phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms, including PLC{delta}3, PLC{zeta}1, and PLCL1, have been previously implicated in HPV infection in large-scale siRNA screens, and the parvovirus VP1 capsid protein has phospholipase enzymatic activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that cellular phospholipases residing in the nucleus mediate egress of the HPV genome from transport vesicles. We utilized siRNA-mediated knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout techniques to target specific PLC isoforms in both HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. We found that targeting PLC isoforms PLC{beta}1, {beta}4, {delta}3, {delta}4, and {gamma}1 significantly decreased HPV infection in both HeLa and HaCaT cells, as measured using a luciferase-based reporter assay. We also discovered a novel interaction between HPV16 minor protein L2 and PLCs {beta}1, {beta}4, {delta}1, {delta}3, and {delta}4. Furthermore, we observed that knockout of PLC{beta}4 and {delta}4 delayed egress of the HPV genome from nuclear membrane-bound vesicles after infection of HeLa cells. We propose that HPV utilizes phospholipase Cs to achieve genome egress from its protective vesicular structure after nuclear delivery.
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BibTeX
@misc{keiffer2026hpv16,
title = {{HPV16 Utilizes Phospholipase C(s) for its Genome Egress}},
author = {T. R. Keiffer and A. Siddiqa and M. Represa-Perez and H. Zabir and A. Kushwaha and M. Sapp and K. Zwolinska},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.03.749318},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.03.749318v1},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - HPV16 Utilizes Phospholipase C(s) for its Genome Egress
AU - T. R. Keiffer
AU - A. Siddiqa
AU - M. Represa-Perez
AU - H. Zabir
AU - A. Kushwaha
AU - M. Sapp
AU - K. Zwolinska
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/03
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.03.749318
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.03.749318v1
AB - Nuclear delivery of human papillomavirus (HPV) requires infected cells to undergo mitosis. Incoming HPV DNA is protected by a transport vesicle structure, which becomes unstable post-mitosis. We have previously shown that HPV genome egress takes on average 4 hours post-mitosis completion; thus, we propose that an enzymatic process is involved in degrading this transport vesicle to allow genome egress. Several phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms, including PLC{delta}3, PLC{zeta}1, and PLCL1, have been previously implicated in HPV infection in large-scale siRNA screens, and the parvovirus VP1 capsid protein has phospholipase enzymatic activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that cellular phospholipases residing in the nucleus mediate egress of the HPV genome from transport vesicles. We utilized siRNA-mediated knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout techniques to target specific PLC isoforms in both HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. We found that targeting PLC isoforms PLC{beta}1, {beta}4, {delta}3, {delta}4, and {gamma}1 significantly decreased HPV infection in both HeLa and HaCaT cells, as measured using a luciferase-based reporter assay. We also discovered a novel interaction between HPV16 minor protein L2 and PLCs {beta}1, {beta}4, {delta}1, {delta}3, and {delta}4. Furthermore, we observed that knockout of PLC{beta}4 and {delta}4 delayed egress of the HPV genome from nuclear membrane-bound vesicles after infection of HeLa cells. We propose that HPV utilizes phospholipase Cs to achieve genome egress from its protective vesicular structure after nuclear delivery.
ER -