Refraction centile curves for Caucasian and Chinese children and adolescents from simulated data cohorts

Abstract

This study aimed to derive centile charts for refraction in young children and adolescents from two ethnic groups – Caucasian and Chinese using simulated (synthetic) individual-level data generated from published studies. Mean cycloplegic refraction estimates, along with standard deviation, were extracted from 10 eligible studies. Data were simulated using a non-normal distribution in R based on the extracted summary statistics for each of the ten studies. The simulated data were then collated to develop centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) for both Caucasian and Chinese ethnicities. Marked differences were noted in the centile curves of the two ethnicities, particularly in the myopic centiles. Centile curves from simulated cycloplegic refraction of Chinese children were more myopic across all age groups and centiles compared to the centile curves of Caucasian children. These centile charts provide a means to compare ethnic differences and serve as communication tools for clinicians to explain the risks of myopia progression and guide its management.

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Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@article{gopalakrishnan2026refraction,
  title = {{Refraction centile curves for Caucasian and Chinese children and adolescents from simulated data cohorts}},
  author = {Aparna Gopalakrishnan and Yee Ling Wong and Si Ying Lim and Björn Drobe and Seang Mei Saw},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-63271-y},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63271-y},
  note = {CC BY},
}

RIS

TY  - JOUR
TI  - Refraction centile curves for Caucasian and Chinese children and adolescents from simulated data cohorts
AU  - Aparna Gopalakrishnan
AU  - Yee Ling Wong
AU  - Si Ying Lim
AU  - Björn Drobe
AU  - Seang Mei Saw
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/01
JO  - Scientific Reports
DO  - 10.1038/s41598-026-63271-y
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-63271-y
AB  - This study aimed to derive centile charts for refraction in young children and adolescents from two ethnic groups – Caucasian and Chinese using simulated (synthetic) individual-level data generated from published studies. Mean cycloplegic refraction estimates, along with standard deviation, were extracted from 10 eligible studies. Data were simulated using a non-normal distribution in R based on the extracted summary statistics for each of the ten studies. The simulated data were then collated to develop centile curves using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) for both Caucasian and Chinese ethnicities. Marked differences were noted in the centile curves of the two ethnicities, particularly in the myopic centiles. Centile curves from simulated cycloplegic refraction of Chinese children were more myopic across all age groups and centiles compared to the centile curves of Caucasian children. These centile charts provide a means to compare ethnic differences and serve as communication tools for clinicians to explain the risks of myopia progression and guide its management.
SN  - 2045-2322
ER  -

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