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Peer-reviewedCC BYBiosensors

Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Supported on Carbon-Based Materials for (Bio)sensing: Direct and Indirect Detection Strategies

  • Sergio Espinoza Torres1
  • Astrid Choquehuanca-Azaña1
  • Nathália F. B. Azeredo1
  • Marcos Rufino1,2
  • Lúcio Angnes1
  1. 1Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
  2. 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculdades Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Brigadeiro Galvão, 540, São Paulo 01151-000, SP, Brazil
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Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer robust, cost-effective, and highly selective alternatives to fragile biological receptors. Specifically, electropolymerization has emerged as a versatile strategy that enables the precise, in situ formation of uniform MIP films directly on electrode surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electropolymerized MIPs (eMIPs) supported on advanced carbon-based materials for electrochemical (bio)sensing. We emphasize how the synergistic integration of eMIPs with carbonaceous architectures significantly enhances electron transfer, active surface area, and overall analytical sensitivity. Key fabrication aspects are systematically discussed, including monomer selection, electropolymerization parameters, and efficient template removal. A central aspect of this work is the critical categorization of sensing mechanisms into direct and indirect detection strategies. This distinction elucidates how eMIPs can quantify a broad spectrum of electroactive and non-electroactive targets in complex matrices, while strategically avoiding excessively high applied potentials. Finally, alongside outlining the transition of these systems into portable technologies, we address a critical shortcoming in the current literature: the urgent need for analytical standardization through the rigorous reporting of Imprinting and Selectivity Factors using Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) controls.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{torres2026electropolymerized,
  title = {{Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Supported on Carbon-Based Materials for (Bio)sensing: Direct and Indirect Detection Strategies}},
  author = {Sergio Espinoza Torres and Astrid Choquehuanca-Azaña and Nathália F. B. Azeredo and Marcos Rufino and Lúcio Angnes},
  journal = {Biosensors},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.3390/bios16060350},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060350},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Supported on Carbon-Based Materials for (Bio)sensing: Direct and Indirect Detection Strategies
AU  - Sergio Espinoza Torres
AU  - Astrid Choquehuanca-Azaña
AU  - Nathália F. B. Azeredo
AU  - Marcos Rufino
AU  - Lúcio Angnes
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/22
JO  - Biosensors
DO  - 10.3390/bios16060350
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16060350
AB  - Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer robust, cost-effective, and highly selective alternatives to fragile biological receptors. Specifically, electropolymerization has emerged as a versatile strategy that enables the precise, in situ formation of uniform MIP films directly on electrode surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electropolymerized MIPs (eMIPs) supported on advanced carbon-based materials for electrochemical (bio)sensing. We emphasize how the synergistic integration of eMIPs with carbonaceous architectures significantly enhances electron transfer, active surface area, and overall analytical sensitivity. Key fabrication aspects are systematically discussed, including monomer selection, electropolymerization parameters, and efficient template removal. A central aspect of this work is the critical categorization of sensing mechanisms into direct and indirect detection strategies. This distinction elucidates how eMIPs can quantify a broad spectrum of electroactive and non-electroactive targets in complex matrices, while strategically avoiding excessively high applied potentials. Finally, alongside outlining the transition of these systems into portable technologies, we address a critical shortcoming in the current literature: the urgent need for analytical standardization through the rigorous reporting of Imprinting and Selectivity Factors using Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) controls.
SN  - 2079-6374
ER  -