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Peer-reviewedCC BYScientific Reports

Enhanced speed control of BLDC motor using a four-switch voltage source inverter and sensorless position estimation

  • S. B. Ron Carter1
  • S. Thanagavel2
  • A. Nazar Ali1
  • R. Anand3
  • V. P. Meena4
  • J. Ramprabhakar3
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College
  2. 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology
  3. 3Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
  4. 4Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur
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Abstract

A sensorless control strategy for Brushless DC (BLDC) motors in electric vehicles (EVs) using a three-phase four-switch voltage source inverter (FSVSI) is presented. The proposed topology reduces circuit complexity and switching losses compared to conventional six-switch inverters. Rotor position is estimated via an observer-based back-EMF detection method, ensuring accuracy at low speeds. Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) gains are tuned using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Equilibrium Optimization (EO), Adaptive Equilibrium Optimization (AEO), and Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) methods to minimize overshoot, undershoot, and torque ripple. The AEO algorithm, introduced here as a novel approach, is benchmarked against other tuning methods using Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Squared Error (ISE), and Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) indices. Real-time validation is performed on a dSPACE 1104 platform for eight configurations: PSO-6S, PSO-4S, EO-6S, EO-4S, AEO-6S, AEO-4S, ZN-6S, and ZN-4S. Results demonstrate that AEO-4S achieves the lowest steady-state error and reduced torque ripple, while the FSVSI offers inherent advantages of reduced component count and significantly lower switching losses.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{carter2026enhanced,
  title = {{Enhanced speed control of BLDC motor using a four-switch voltage source inverter and sensorless position estimation}},
  author = {S. B. Ron Carter and S. Thanagavel and A. Nazar Ali and R. Anand and V. P. Meena and J. Ramprabhakar},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-62377-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62377-7},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Enhanced speed control of BLDC motor using a four-switch voltage source inverter and sensorless position estimation
AU  - S. B. Ron Carter
AU  - S. Thanagavel
AU  - A. Nazar Ali
AU  - R. Anand
AU  - V. P. Meena
AU  - J. Ramprabhakar
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/01
JO  - Scientific Reports
DO  - 10.1038/s41598-026-62377-7
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62377-7
AB  - A sensorless control strategy for Brushless DC (BLDC) motors in electric vehicles (EVs) using a three-phase four-switch voltage source inverter (FSVSI) is presented. The proposed topology reduces circuit complexity and switching losses compared to conventional six-switch inverters. Rotor position is estimated via an observer-based back-EMF detection method, ensuring accuracy at low speeds. Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) gains are tuned using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Equilibrium Optimization (EO), Adaptive Equilibrium Optimization (AEO), and Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) methods to minimize overshoot, undershoot, and torque ripple. The AEO algorithm, introduced here as a novel approach, is benchmarked against other tuning methods using Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Squared Error (ISE), and Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) indices. Real-time validation is performed on a dSPACE 1104 platform for eight configurations: PSO-6S, PSO-4S, EO-6S, EO-4S, AEO-6S, AEO-4S, ZN-6S, and ZN-4S. Results demonstrate that AEO-4S achieves the lowest steady-state error and reduced torque ripple, while the FSVSI offers inherent advantages of reduced component count and significantly lower switching losses.
SN  - 2045-2322
ER  -