Realization Divergence in Multi-Provider Quantum Computing: A Pre-Registered Study of What Survives Measurement
Abstract
Quantum programs pass through compilers, transpilers and vendor services before execution. However, the distance between what was written and what runs is rarely measured. We call this distance realization divergence: the observable difference in how an identical source circuit is realized and behaves across quantum software stacks. We report a hardware study across three vendors and four devices, combining pre-registered predictions with explicitly identified exploratory analyses and amendments. In a compilation experiment with assigned placement policies, embedding radius correlates with two-qubit overhead at Spearman 0.805, against 0.492 for circuit size. Under a fixed lowest-index policy, an eight-qubit Bernstein-Vazirani circuit exhibits greater execution divergence than a twelve-qubit circuit on IQM Emerald. The opposite ordering occurs on IQM Garnet. Both comparisons replicate across two repetitions with disjoint confidence intervals. These results support a placement-dependent explanation, without isolating individual hardware noise mechanisms. The same ordering inversion is absent on the all-to-all IonQ control. On Rigetti Cepheus, a follow-up using topology-aware native placement found no consistent advantage in correct-answer probability for either submission track, but did not establish equivalence between the tracks. Structural comparisons depend on metric weighting, placement and device generation. Provider interfaces also limit observability: Rigetti's supported-operation list remained unchanged across a device generation that replaced the native entangler. We classify silent interface failures in composed toolchains and identify checks at toolchain boundaries, connecting valid cross-provider comparisons with concrete software-quality practices.
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BibTeX
@misc{peltonen2026realization,
title = {{Realization Divergence in Multi-Provider Quantum Computing: A Pre-Registered Study of What Survives Measurement}},
author = {Jouni Peltonen and Vlad Stirbu and Tommi Mikkonen},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.21714},
eprint = {2610.21714},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21714},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Realization Divergence in Multi-Provider Quantum Computing: A Pre-Registered Study of What Survives Measurement
AU - Jouni Peltonen
AU - Vlad Stirbu
AU - Tommi Mikkonen
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.21714
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21714
AB - Quantum programs pass through compilers, transpilers and vendor services before execution. However, the distance between what was written and what runs is rarely measured. We call this distance realization divergence: the observable difference in how an identical source circuit is realized and behaves across quantum software stacks. We report a hardware study across three vendors and four devices, combining pre-registered predictions with explicitly identified exploratory analyses and amendments. In a compilation experiment with assigned placement policies, embedding radius correlates with two-qubit overhead at Spearman 0.805, against 0.492 for circuit size. Under a fixed lowest-index policy, an eight-qubit Bernstein-Vazirani circuit exhibits greater execution divergence than a twelve-qubit circuit on IQM Emerald. The opposite ordering occurs on IQM Garnet. Both comparisons replicate across two repetitions with disjoint confidence intervals. These results support a placement-dependent explanation, without isolating individual hardware noise mechanisms. The same ordering inversion is absent on the all-to-all IonQ control. On Rigetti Cepheus, a follow-up using topology-aware native placement found no consistent advantage in correct-answer probability for either submission track, but did not establish equivalence between the tracks. Structural comparisons depend on metric weighting, placement and device generation. Provider interfaces also limit observability: Rigetti's supported-operation list remained unchanged across a device generation that replaced the native entangler. We classify silent interface failures in composed toolchains and identify checks at toolchain boundaries, connecting valid cross-provider comparisons with concrete software-quality practices.
ER -