Quantum Simulation of Two-Dimensional Free Dirac Hamiltonian in Multimode Circuit QED
Abstract
Two-dimensional massive Dirac systems feature a gapped Dirac-cone dispersion central to a broad range of phenomena in condensed-matter and topological physics. While quantum simulations have demonstrated one-dimensional Dirac dynamics and two-dimensional massless Weyl dynamics, programmable simulation of massive two-dimensional Dirac dynamics remains experimentally unexplored. Here, we realize a programmable two-dimensional free Dirac Hamiltonian in circuit QED, with independently tunable spin-momentum couplings and mass, using a single Rabi-driven qubit coupled to two modes of a multimode cavity. Using this Hamiltonian, we observe rotational Zitterbewegung of a two-dimensional massive Dirac particle and its dependence on the effective mass. Time-dependent master-equation simulations incorporating measured decoherence, corrections beyond the rotating-wave approximation (RWA), and anharmonicity of the transmon reproduce the observed dynamics. Our results establish multimode circuit QED as a compact, programmable platform for higher-dimensional relativistic quantum dynamics and provide a foundation for exploring dynamical and topological phenomena in gapped Dirac systems.
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BibTeX
@misc{kang2026quantum,
title = {{Quantum Simulation of Two-Dimensional Free Dirac Hamiltonian in Multimode Circuit QED}},
author = {Jiwon Kang and Jiuk Lee and Eliya Blumenthal and Shay Hacohen-Gourgy and Eunseong Kim},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.16628},
eprint = {2609.16628},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16628},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Quantum Simulation of Two-Dimensional Free Dirac Hamiltonian in Multimode Circuit QED
AU - Jiwon Kang
AU - Jiuk Lee
AU - Eliya Blumenthal
AU - Shay Hacohen-Gourgy
AU - Eunseong Kim
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/15
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.16628
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16628
AB - Two-dimensional massive Dirac systems feature a gapped Dirac-cone dispersion central to a broad range of phenomena in condensed-matter and topological physics. While quantum simulations have demonstrated one-dimensional Dirac dynamics and two-dimensional massless Weyl dynamics, programmable simulation of massive two-dimensional Dirac dynamics remains experimentally unexplored. Here, we realize a programmable two-dimensional free Dirac Hamiltonian in circuit QED, with independently tunable spin-momentum couplings and mass, using a single Rabi-driven qubit coupled to two modes of a multimode cavity. Using this Hamiltonian, we observe rotational Zitterbewegung of a two-dimensional massive Dirac particle and its dependence on the effective mass. Time-dependent master-equation simulations incorporating measured decoherence, corrections beyond the rotating-wave approximation (RWA), and anharmonicity of the transmon reproduce the observed dynamics. Our results establish multimode circuit QED as a compact, programmable platform for higher-dimensional relativistic quantum dynamics and provide a foundation for exploring dynamical and topological phenomena in gapped Dirac systems.
ER -