Defining Core Functions and Forms for the Implementation of Pharmacogenomics Testing in Primary Care
16 affiliations
- 1Neaman Center for Personalized Medicine Endeavor Health Chicago Illinois USA
- 2Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- 3Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- 4St. Elizabeth Healthcare Edgewood Kentucky USA
- 5Department of Pharmacy Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- 6Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio USA
- 7L.S. Skaggs Institute for Health Innovation and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
- 8Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
- 9Department of Pharmaceutical Services and Sciences and Personalized Medication Management Unit Children's Cancer Hospital Cairo Egypt
- 10North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota USA
- 11Sanford Imagenetics Sioux Falls South Dakota USA
- 12MedStar Health Columbia Maryland USA
- 13Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC USA
- 14Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto California USA
- 15Department Clinical Chemistry Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands
- 16Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics (PGx), utilizing a patient's DNA to individualize medication prescribing, minimizes adverse events and improves patient outcomes. However, the integration of PGx into primary care remains sparse. PGx testing encompasses multiple components and can be considered a complex health intervention. We conducted an in‐person workshop with early adopters from the Pharmacogenomics Global Research Network Implementation Working Group, followed by qualitative interviews with key opinion leaders, to identify the core functions and forms necessary for implementing PGx testing in primary care. Workshop participants agreed on six core functions necessary to implement PGx‐guided medication prescribing in primary care settings: patient identification, test ordering, laboratory testing, returning results, providing medication recommendations, and modifying pharmacotherapy. An additional function, leadership engagement, was proposed by key opinion leaders. There was considerable variation in the forms, depending on local context and available resources. In this position paper, we discuss why it is critical to separately define the core functions required to implement PGx testing in primary care settings and the customizable forms used for local execution. Defining core functions provides an actionable first step to guide scalable and context‐sensitive integration of PGx testing into routine primary care practice, balancing the need for both fidelity and adaptation in real‐world implementation.
Related
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BibTeX
@article{ramesh2026defining,
title = {{Defining Core Functions and Forms for the Implementation of Pharmacogenomics Testing in Primary Care}},
author = {Sanjana Ramesh and Larisa H. Cavallari and Victoria Wittner and Josiah Allen and Mari Angelica S. Cayabyab and Emily J. Cicali and Nihal El Rouby and Shayna R. Killam and Nita Limdi and Mohamed Nagy and Natasha Petry and April Schultz and D. Max Smith and Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini and Ron H. N. van Schaik and Ramzi G. Salloum and Sony Tuteja},
journal = {Clinical and Translational Science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1111/cts.70753},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.70753},
note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Defining Core Functions and Forms for the Implementation of Pharmacogenomics Testing in Primary Care
AU - Sanjana Ramesh
AU - Larisa H. Cavallari
AU - Victoria Wittner
AU - Josiah Allen
AU - Mari Angelica S. Cayabyab
AU - Emily J. Cicali
AU - Nihal El Rouby
AU - Shayna R. Killam
AU - Nita Limdi
AU - Mohamed Nagy
AU - Natasha Petry
AU - April Schultz
AU - D. Max Smith
AU - Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini
AU - Ron H. N. van Schaik
AU - Ramzi G. Salloum
AU - Sony Tuteja
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/31
JO - Clinical and Translational Science
DO - 10.1111/cts.70753
UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.70753
AB - Pharmacogenomics (PGx), utilizing a patient's DNA to individualize medication prescribing, minimizes adverse events and improves patient outcomes. However, the integration of PGx into primary care remains sparse. PGx testing encompasses multiple components and can be considered a complex health intervention. We conducted an in‐person workshop with early adopters from the Pharmacogenomics Global Research Network Implementation Working Group, followed by qualitative interviews with key opinion leaders, to identify the core functions and forms necessary for implementing PGx testing in primary care. Workshop participants agreed on six core functions necessary to implement PGx‐guided medication prescribing in primary care settings: patient identification, test ordering, laboratory testing, returning results, providing medication recommendations, and modifying pharmacotherapy. An additional function, leadership engagement, was proposed by key opinion leaders. There was considerable variation in the forms, depending on local context and available resources. In this position paper, we discuss why it is critical to separately define the core functions required to implement PGx testing in primary care settings and the customizable forms used for local execution. Defining core functions provides an actionable first step to guide scalable and context‐sensitive integration of PGx testing into routine primary care practice, balancing the need for both fidelity and adaptation in real‐world implementation.
SN - 1752-8054
SN - 1752-8062
ER -