Case Report: Concurrent ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, and intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in a Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis).
- 1Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
- 2Laboratory of Exotic and Wild Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
- 3Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
Abstract
A 3-month-old intact male Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) was rescued and admitted to the Jeonbuk Wildlife Rescue Center with lethargy, dehydration, and dermatologic lesions consistent with Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. Physical examination detected a grade IV/VI systolic murmur, and thoracic radiography revealed generalized cardiomegaly. Transthoracic echocardiography identified a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) with left-to-right shunting. Although no distinct structural abnormalities of the pulmonic valve were observed, increased pulmonic flow velocity (3.87 m/s), mild pulmonic regurgitation (1.68 m/s), and post-stenotic dilation of the main pulmonary artery supported a diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis (PS). Agitated saline contrast echocardiography demonstrated intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVAs), with microbubbles appearing in the left heart after the fourth cardiac cycle; this shunting decreased following oxygen supplementation. Five weeks later, thoracic radiography demonstrated a reduction in cardiac silhouette size, although cardiomegaly persisted. Echocardiography demonstrated progression of the VSD to bidirectional shunting. Systolic doming of the pulmonic valve, together with increased pulmonic flow velocity (4.39 m/s) and pulmonic regurgitation velocity (2.07 m/s), indicated worsening PS. Repeat agitated saline contrast echocardiography revealed microbubbles in the left heart within four cardiac cycles and in the abdominal aorta, indicating a right-to-left shunt component consistent with bidirectional shunting. These findings were attenuated after oxygen supplementation. The Korean raccoon dog subsequently died during anesthetic induction for further diagnostic imaging. Postmortem examination confirmed a perimembranous VSD and type A valvular PS characterized by fused commissures, with concurrent right ventricular hypertrophy, dilation, and interventricular septal thickening. To our knowledge, this case report is the first to describe the concurrence of VSD, PS, and IPAVAs in a Korean raccoon dog. It suggests that progressive PS may contribute to reversal of shunting across a VSD.
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BibTeX
@article{kim2026case,
title = {{Case Report: Concurrent ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, and intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in a Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis).}},
author = {Seoyeon Kim and Myeongsu Kim and Jae-Ik Han and Kichang Lee and Hakyoung Yoon},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fvets.2026.1969910},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908898},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Case Report: Concurrent ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, and intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses in a Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis).
AU - Seoyeon Kim
AU - Myeongsu Kim
AU - Jae-Ik Han
AU - Kichang Lee
AU - Hakyoung Yoon
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/07
JO - Frontiers in veterinary science
DO - 10.3389/fvets.2026.1969910
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42908898
AB - A 3-month-old intact male Korean raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) was rescued and admitted to the Jeonbuk Wildlife Rescue Center with lethargy, dehydration, and dermatologic lesions consistent with Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. Physical examination detected a grade IV/VI systolic murmur, and thoracic radiography revealed generalized cardiomegaly. Transthoracic echocardiography identified a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) with left-to-right shunting. Although no distinct structural abnormalities of the pulmonic valve were observed, increased pulmonic flow velocity (3.87 m/s), mild pulmonic regurgitation (1.68 m/s), and post-stenotic dilation of the main pulmonary artery supported a diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis (PS). Agitated saline contrast echocardiography demonstrated intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVAs), with microbubbles appearing in the left heart after the fourth cardiac cycle; this shunting decreased following oxygen supplementation. Five weeks later, thoracic radiography demonstrated a reduction in cardiac silhouette size, although cardiomegaly persisted. Echocardiography demonstrated progression of the VSD to bidirectional shunting. Systolic doming of the pulmonic valve, together with increased pulmonic flow velocity (4.39 m/s) and pulmonic regurgitation velocity (2.07 m/s), indicated worsening PS. Repeat agitated saline contrast echocardiography revealed microbubbles in the left heart within four cardiac cycles and in the abdominal aorta, indicating a right-to-left shunt component consistent with bidirectional shunting. These findings were attenuated after oxygen supplementation. The Korean raccoon dog subsequently died during anesthetic induction for further diagnostic imaging. Postmortem examination confirmed a perimembranous VSD and type A valvular PS characterized by fused commissures, with concurrent right ventricular hypertrophy, dilation, and interventricular septal thickening. To our knowledge, this case report is the first to describe the concurrence of VSD, PS, and IPAVAs in a Korean raccoon dog. It suggests that progressive PS may contribute to reversal of shunting across a VSD.
SN - 2297-1769
ER -