Toward personalized and longitudinal antibiograms--a proof-of-concept for in vivo assessments of immunological-antibiotic-bacterial interactions
- 1Mayo Clinic: Mayo Clinic's Campus in Florida
Abstract
IntroductionIn vivo, temporal, and personalized data on immunological-antibiotic interactions may provide richer, earlier information that improves infection treatment. To test this hypothesis, we applied a proof-of-concept approach to evaluate a non-reductionist methodology.
MethodsA non-reductionist, data-driven, pattern recognition-based combinatorial method that captures relationships was evaluated with blood leukocyte data collected from 401 individuals from Greece [n=331] and the US [n=70] who experienced sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, tuberculosis, syphilis, skin and soft tissue, intra-abdominal, or urinary tract infections associated with meningitis.
ResultsWhile ambiguity was observed when variables were measured in isolation by a reductionist alternative, ambiguity was prevented and hidden information was uncovered when complex dynamics were assessed by the non-reductionist method. The combinatorial approach grouped together observations that displayed similar immune profiles, distinguished those with different mortality risks, identified antibiotics that modulated specific leukocytes, differentiated two types of non-responsiveness (associated or not associated with antibiotics), and facilitated earlier and personalized evaluation of therapies. For instance, in tuberculosis, blood monocytes were modulated by isoniazid-related antimicrobials.
DiscussionAcross numerous syndromes, the non-reductionist method extracted more information from the same data than the reductionist alternative. If corroborated, non-reductionist methodologies may promote research and support personalized medicine.
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BibTeX
@misc{iandiorio2026toward,
title = {{Toward personalized and longitudinal antibiograms--a proof-of-concept for in vivo assessments of immunological-antibiotic-bacterial interactions}},
author = {M. J. Iandiorio and A. Ioannidis and P. Kempaiah and F. O. Fasina and P. D. Madaki and J. C. Fazio and M. M. Fasina and A. P. Rojas Gil and S. Chatzipanagiotou and G. Gerotziafas and A. L. Hoogesteijn and J. M. Fair and A. L. Rivas},
howpublished = {medRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.24.26363858},
url = {https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363858v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Toward personalized and longitudinal antibiograms--a proof-of-concept for in vivo assessments of immunological-antibiotic-bacterial interactions
AU - M. J. Iandiorio
AU - A. Ioannidis
AU - P. Kempaiah
AU - F. O. Fasina
AU - P. D. Madaki
AU - J. C. Fazio
AU - M. M. Fasina
AU - A. P. Rojas Gil
AU - S. Chatzipanagiotou
AU - G. Gerotziafas
AU - A. L. Hoogesteijn
AU - J. M. Fair
AU - A. L. Rivas
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/24
PB - medRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.24.26363858
UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363858v1
AB - IntroductionIn vivo, temporal, and personalized data on immunological-antibiotic interactions may provide richer, earlier information that improves infection treatment. To test this hypothesis, we applied a proof-of-concept approach to evaluate a non-reductionist methodology. MethodsA non-reductionist, data-driven, pattern recognition-based combinatorial method that captures relationships was evaluated with blood leukocyte data collected from 401 individuals from Greece [n=331] and the US [n=70] who experienced sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, tuberculosis, syphilis, skin and soft tissue, intra-abdominal, or urinary tract infections associated with meningitis. ResultsWhile ambiguity was observed when variables were measured in isolation by a reductionist alternative, ambiguity was prevented and hidden information was uncovered when complex dynamics were assessed by the non-reductionist method. The combinatorial approach grouped together observations that displayed similar immune profiles, distinguished those with different mortality risks, identified antibiotics that modulated specific leukocytes, differentiated two types of non-responsiveness (associated or not associated with antibiotics), and facilitated earlier and personalized evaluation of therapies. For instance, in tuberculosis, blood monocytes were modulated by isoniazid-related antimicrobials. DiscussionAcross numerous syndromes, the non-reductionist method extracted more information from the same data than the reductionist alternative. If corroborated, non-reductionist methodologies may promote research and support personalized medicine.
ER -