Shape of an interface hit by an oblique jet
Abstract
We report on the shape taken by the interface of a liquid bath when hit by a smooth oblique steady jet. When the angle between the jet and the bath decreases below 50 Superscript ring 50 ∘ 50∘ , a cavity is formed in front of the jet. In the inertial regime that we explore, the jet boundary layer detaches in the impact region, thereby delimiting a core jet region outside of which the liquid is mainly in hydrostatic equilibrium. The shape of the outer meniscus is shown to be related to that outside a tilted fibre piercing the fluid interface. In order to unravel the flow features and separation, we perform direct numerical simulations and show that the flow detachment displays an asymmetry, which results in the acceleration of the liquid below the surface, thereby creating a depression. With this observation, we propose a model balancing the suction force of this depression with the weight of the displaced water and the surface tension force to obtain a prediction for the typical width of the cavity.
Related
- Impact of Li evaporation flux on the plasma-wall properties under oblique magnetic fields
- Removal-angular-spectrum-guided targeted notch matching for suppressing MSF errors in oblique-incidence MJP
- Development and validation of a finite element ski helmet model for the biomechanical assessment of oblique head impacts
- Coarse-graining far-from-equilibrium dynamics using oblique projectors
- Numerical Investigation of Mach 10 Kerosene-Fueled Oblique Detonation Waves at Different Flight Altitudes
BibTeX
@article{gaichies2026shape,
title = {{Shape of an interface hit by an oblique jet}},
author = {Théophile Gaichies and Anniina Salonen and Arnaud Antkowiak and Emmanuelle Rio},
journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1017/jfm.2026.11703},
eprint = {2604.12788},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05853652v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Shape of an interface hit by an oblique jet
AU - Théophile Gaichies
AU - Anniina Salonen
AU - Arnaud Antkowiak
AU - Emmanuelle Rio
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/05
JO - Journal of Fluid Mechanics
DO - 10.1017/jfm.2026.11703
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05853652v1
AB - We report on the shape taken by the interface of a liquid bath when hit by a smooth oblique steady jet. When the angle between the jet and the bath decreases below 50 Superscript ring 50 ∘ 50^∘ , a cavity is formed in front of the jet. In the inertial regime that we explore, the jet boundary layer detaches in the impact region, thereby delimiting a core jet region outside of which the liquid is mainly in hydrostatic equilibrium. The shape of the outer meniscus is shown to be related to that outside a tilted fibre piercing the fluid interface. In order to unravel the flow features and separation, we perform direct numerical simulations and show that the flow detachment displays an asymmetry, which results in the acceleration of the liquid below the surface, thereby creating a depression. With this observation, we propose a model balancing the suction force of this depression with the weight of the displaced water and the surface tension force to obtain a prediction for the typical width of the cavity.
SN - 0022-1120
SN - 1469-7645
ER -