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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The Fluid Percussion Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights into Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities

  • Jaclyn Iannucci1
  • Anna Sentmanat1
  • Kelly Dickerson1
  • Maryam Obaid1
  • Shreya Bandopadhyay1
  • Ann Houghton1
  • Gabriel Maisonnaive Arisi1
  • Lee A. Shapiro1
  1. 1Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year and can lead to persistent neurological disorders, including post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Animal models of concussion and TBI, developed since the late nineteenth century, provide a means to investigate injury progression and its consequences under controlled conditions. The lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) model is widely used to study both TBI and post-traumatic epileptogenesis. PTE is often resistant to antiseizure medications, and variability among experimental models (e.g., strain, injury, surgical, and physiological differences) remains a major obstacle to developing antiepileptogenic treatments. Understanding the factors that influence model reproducibility is therefore essential. This review first examines the development of the LFPI model and the experimental factors that influence PTE outcomes. It then considers the cellular mechanisms of post-injury hyperexcitability and the affective, cognitive, and neurodegenerative changes associated with LFPI. Together, these findings indicate the value of the model while defining the limits of its application to human disease.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{iannucci2026fluid,
  title = {{The Fluid Percussion Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights into Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities}},
  author = {Jaclyn Iannucci and Anna Sentmanat and Kelly Dickerson and Maryam Obaid and Shreya Bandopadhyay and Ann Houghton and Gabriel Maisonnaive Arisi and Lee A. Shapiro},
  journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/ijms27209127},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9127},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Fluid Percussion Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights into Post-Traumatic Epilepsy and Comorbidities
AU  - Jaclyn Iannucci
AU  - Anna Sentmanat
AU  - Kelly Dickerson
AU  - Maryam Obaid
AU  - Shreya Bandopadhyay
AU  - Ann Houghton
AU  - Gabriel Maisonnaive Arisi
AU  - Lee A. Shapiro
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/15
JO  - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO  - 10.3390/ijms27209127
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9127
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year and can lead to persistent neurological disorders, including post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Animal models of concussion and TBI, developed since the late nineteenth century, provide a means to investigate injury progression and its consequences under controlled conditions. The lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) model is widely used to study both TBI and post-traumatic epileptogenesis. PTE is often resistant to antiseizure medications, and variability among experimental models (e.g., strain, injury, surgical, and physiological differences) remains a major obstacle to developing antiepileptogenic treatments. Understanding the factors that influence model reproducibility is therefore essential. This review first examines the development of the LFPI model and the experimental factors that influence PTE outcomes. It then considers the cellular mechanisms of post-injury hyperexcitability and the affective, cognitive, and neurodegenerative changes associated with LFPI. Together, these findings indicate the value of the model while defining the limits of its application to human disease.
SN  - 1422-0067
ER  -