CMC-based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
- 1Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand-388120 Gujarat India [email protected].
- 2G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, Charutar Vidya Mandal University Vallabh Vidyanagar Gujarat 388120 India.
Abstract
Eco-friendly carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based membranes were fabricated on polyethersulfone (PES) support membranes by incorporating a lactic acid (LA) coating layer as a non-toxic and sustainable surface modification strategy. The separation performance of the fabricated membranes was evaluated for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater using a laboratory-scale cross-flow nanofiltration (NF) system. The membranes demonstrated effective removal of Congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB), with rejection efficiencies exceeding 95% for CR, approximately 90% for CV, and approximately 86% for MB. The fabricated membranes were comprehensively characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and contact angle measurements. Correlation of the physicochemical characteristics with the permeation flux and separation performance revealed that the membrane containing 0.2 wt% CMC and coated with 0.25 wt% LA exhibited the optimum overall performance. In addition to excellent dye rejection, the optimized membrane demonstrated effective separation of divalent salts, achieving rejection efficiencies of approximately 57% for MgSO₄ and 26% for Na₂SO₄ at an applied pressure of 3 bar. The rejection of dyes and salts was primarily attributed to size exclusion and Donnan exclusion mechanisms. Furthermore, antifouling evaluation demonstrated a relatively low fouling tendency of the CMC-based membranes, with the optimized membrane exhibiting a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of approximately 88.6%. Overall, the results demonstrate that LA-modified CMC-based membranes provide a promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative for the efficient treatment of dye- and salt-contaminated wastewater.
Related
- Coupling ceramic nanofiltration membranes with catalytic ozonation for fouling control during treatment of secondary urban wastewater effluent
- Hybrid ceramic membranes for sustainable wastewater treatment: Low-Cost materials, hybrid separation mechanisms, and applications
- Tailored Graphene Oxide Incorporated PES/CA Mixed‐Matrix Loose Nanofiltration Membranes for Water Softening and Divalent Salt Removal
- Learning the Path to Ion Separation: A Proof-of-Concept for Machine Learning-Assisted Inverse Design (MLAID) of Nanofiltration Membranes
- Molecular oxygen confinement ladder enables stable electro-Fenton treatment of nanofiltration concentrate
BibTeX
@article{patel2026cmcbased,
title = {{CMC-based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.}},
author = {Krupa Patel and Pragnesh N Dave and Haresh Dave and Kaushik Nath},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra08136c},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910037},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - CMC-based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.
AU - Krupa Patel
AU - Pragnesh N Dave
AU - Haresh Dave
AU - Kaushik Nath
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/21
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra08136c
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42910037
AB - Eco-friendly carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based membranes were fabricated on polyethersulfone (PES) support membranes by incorporating a lactic acid (LA) coating layer as a non-toxic and sustainable surface modification strategy. The separation performance of the fabricated membranes was evaluated for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater using a laboratory-scale cross-flow nanofiltration (NF) system. The membranes demonstrated effective removal of Congo red (CR), crystal violet (CV), and methylene blue (MB), with rejection efficiencies exceeding 95% for CR, approximately 90% for CV, and approximately 86% for MB. The fabricated membranes were comprehensively characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and contact angle measurements. Correlation of the physicochemical characteristics with the permeation flux and separation performance revealed that the membrane containing 0.2 wt% CMC and coated with 0.25 wt% LA exhibited the optimum overall performance. In addition to excellent dye rejection, the optimized membrane demonstrated effective separation of divalent salts, achieving rejection efficiencies of approximately 57% for MgSO₄ and 26% for Na₂SO₄ at an applied pressure of 3 bar. The rejection of dyes and salts was primarily attributed to size exclusion and Donnan exclusion mechanisms. Furthermore, antifouling evaluation demonstrated a relatively low fouling tendency of the CMC-based membranes, with the optimized membrane exhibiting a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of approximately 88.6%. Overall, the results demonstrate that LA-modified CMC-based membranes provide a promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative for the efficient treatment of dye- and salt-contaminated wastewater.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -