Does Skin-Surface Temperature Reflect Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Prospective Pilot Study with Infrared Thermographic Analysis
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie (DIBINEM), Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- 2Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- 3Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Persistent skin-temperature changes have been described following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but their clinical significance remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare regional knee temperature before surgery and six months after TKA using infrared thermography. Secondary objectives were to evaluate regional thermal patterns and investigate their association with patient-reported clinical outcomes. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing primary TKA for knee osteoarthritis underwent standardized thermographic assessment preoperatively and after six months. Thermograms were acquired at rest (T0), after a two-minute standardized flexion-extension exercise (T1), and after five minutes of recovery (T2). Mean temperatures were calculated for the whole knee and four regions of interest (ROIs). Pain and function were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Associations between thermographic findings and clinical outcomes were explored. Results: Whole-knee temperature was significantly higher at six months than before TKA at all three measurement phases (mean increase, 1.1–1.3 °C; all p ≤ 0.002). Exercise induced a transient decrease in temperature both before and after surgery, with no significant change in response magnitude between assessments. NRS pain decreased significantly, whereas OKS improvement was small and did not reach statistical significance (2.15 ± 21.83; p = 0.665). NRS improvement correlated inversely with T0 change, most strongly in the lateral ROI (r = −0.903), with greater postoperative temperature increases being associated with less pain improvement. Higher postoperative T2 temperatures were associated with lower OKS scores at follow-up and less OKS improvement across the whole knee and all four ROIs (r = −0.577 to −0.755). Conclusions: Skin temperature remained significantly higher six months after primary TKA compared with preoperative values, and higher thermographic values were associated with less favorable clinical outcomes. These preliminary findings, based on exploratory analyses not adjusted for multiple comparisons, support further investigations into infrared thermography as a complementary source of information on postoperative recovery after TKA.
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BibTeX
@article{roveda2026does,
title = {{Does Skin-Surface Temperature Reflect Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Prospective Pilot Study with Infrared Thermographic Analysis}},
author = {Giacomo Roveda and Domenico Alesi and Federico Maria Adravanti and Luca De Marziani and Giuseppe Filardo and Stefano Zaffagnini},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/jcm15207782},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/7782},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Does Skin-Surface Temperature Reflect Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Prospective Pilot Study with Infrared Thermographic Analysis
AU - Giacomo Roveda
AU - Domenico Alesi
AU - Federico Maria Adravanti
AU - Luca De Marziani
AU - Giuseppe Filardo
AU - Stefano Zaffagnini
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Journal of Clinical Medicine
DO - 10.3390/jcm15207782
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/20/7782
AB - Background/Objectives: Persistent skin-temperature changes have been described following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but their clinical significance remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare regional knee temperature before surgery and six months after TKA using infrared thermography. Secondary objectives were to evaluate regional thermal patterns and investigate their association with patient-reported clinical outcomes. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing primary TKA for knee osteoarthritis underwent standardized thermographic assessment preoperatively and after six months. Thermograms were acquired at rest (T0), after a two-minute standardized flexion-extension exercise (T1), and after five minutes of recovery (T2). Mean temperatures were calculated for the whole knee and four regions of interest (ROIs). Pain and function were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS). Associations between thermographic findings and clinical outcomes were explored. Results: Whole-knee temperature was significantly higher at six months than before TKA at all three measurement phases (mean increase, 1.1–1.3 °C; all p ≤ 0.002). Exercise induced a transient decrease in temperature both before and after surgery, with no significant change in response magnitude between assessments. NRS pain decreased significantly, whereas OKS improvement was small and did not reach statistical significance (2.15 ± 21.83; p = 0.665). NRS improvement correlated inversely with T0 change, most strongly in the lateral ROI (r = −0.903), with greater postoperative temperature increases being associated with less pain improvement. Higher postoperative T2 temperatures were associated with lower OKS scores at follow-up and less OKS improvement across the whole knee and all four ROIs (r = −0.577 to −0.755). Conclusions: Skin temperature remained significantly higher six months after primary TKA compared with preoperative values, and higher thermographic values were associated with less favorable clinical outcomes. These preliminary findings, based on exploratory analyses not adjusted for multiple comparisons, support further investigations into infrared thermography as a complementary source of information on postoperative recovery after TKA.
SN - 2077-0383
ER -