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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC 4.0PeerJ

Three-dimensional coded aperture imaging system proposed for early breast cancer detection using low tumor-to-background ratio

  • Khalid Hussain1
  • Mohammed A. Alnafea2
  • Djelloul Mahboub3
  • Muhammad Fayyaz4
  • Ahmad Khan1
4 affiliations
  1. 1Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Superior University Lahore, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
  2. 2Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  3. 3Physics Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  4. 4Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

Coded aperture (CA) based image formation methods have been used in medical imaging for the past two decades. However, no commercially available Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) CA camera technology has been developed yet. This study investigated the lower tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) in 3D breast reconstruction with tumors. TBR is a potential factor for evaluating the malignancy of breast cancer because of its correlation with lesion size. The CA-based SPECT camera uses an iterative reconstruction algorithm called Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) with a mosaic Modified Uniformly Redundant Array (MURA) mask and anti-mask dual reconstruction. The background noise and intrinsic artifacts are suppressed by subtracting mask reconstructed images from the anti-mask images, thereby reducing the non-uniformity in the background. The reconstructed slices are then stacked to create a three-dimensional representation of the breast phantom. By employing a TBR of 5:1, mosaic MURA mask anti-mask subtraction has enhanced the quality of the reconstructed images and made it possible to detect breast lesions with a diameter of 4 mm. Furthermore, rather than using a sinogram, the proposed method can create a 3D breast phantom from a single projection. Simulation results suggest the feasibility of detecting 4 mm lesions at TBR = 5:1 using a single-projection mosaic MURA coded aperture system. Clinical validation is required to confirm translation to patient imaging.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{hussain2026threedimensional,
  title = {{Three-dimensional coded aperture imaging system proposed for early breast cancer detection using low tumor-to-background ratio}},
  author = {Khalid Hussain and Mohammed A. Alnafea and Djelloul Mahboub and Muhammad Fayyaz and Ahmad Khan},
  journal = {PeerJ},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.7717/peerj.21700},
  url = {https://peerj.com/articles/21700},
  note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Three-dimensional coded aperture imaging system proposed for early breast cancer detection using low tumor-to-background ratio
AU  - Khalid Hussain
AU  - Mohammed A. Alnafea
AU  - Djelloul Mahboub
AU  - Muhammad Fayyaz
AU  - Ahmad Khan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/20
JO  - PeerJ
DO  - 10.7717/peerj.21700
UR  - https://peerj.com/articles/21700
AB  - Coded aperture (CA) based image formation methods have been used in medical imaging for the past two decades. However, no commercially available Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) CA camera technology has been developed yet. This study investigated the lower tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) in 3D breast reconstruction with tumors. TBR is a potential factor for evaluating the malignancy of breast cancer because of its correlation with lesion size. The CA-based SPECT camera uses an iterative reconstruction algorithm called Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (MLEM) with a mosaic Modified Uniformly Redundant Array (MURA) mask and anti-mask dual reconstruction. The background noise and intrinsic artifacts are suppressed by subtracting mask reconstructed images from the anti-mask images, thereby reducing the non-uniformity in the background. The reconstructed slices are then stacked to create a three-dimensional representation of the breast phantom. By employing a TBR of 5:1, mosaic MURA mask anti-mask subtraction has enhanced the quality of the reconstructed images and made it possible to detect breast lesions with a diameter of 4 mm. Furthermore, rather than using a sinogram, the proposed method can create a 3D breast phantom from a single projection. Simulation results suggest the feasibility of detecting 4 mm lesions at TBR = 5:1 using a single-projection mosaic MURA coded aperture system. Clinical validation is required to confirm translation to patient imaging.
SN  - 2167-8359
ER  -