Zinc-containing ionic liquid combined with carboxymethyl chitosan for vital pulp therapy in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure.
9 affiliations
- 1State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- 2Sanitation Unit of 75615 Unit of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518110, China.
- 3Medical Station of 73630 Unit of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350000, China.
- 4Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- 5The First Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- 6State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. [email protected].
- 7Department of Stomatology, The 928th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Haikou, Hainan, 571159, China. [email protected].
- 8State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. [email protected].
- 9State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. [email protected].
Abstract
Background
The elimination of pulpal infection is critical for the success of vital pulp therapy (VPT) in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure. However, commonly used pulp capping materials often possess inadequate antibacterial properties, which limits treatment success. This study aimed to develop a zinc-containing ionic liquid (IL-Zn)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) composite and evaluate its potential as an adjunctive pulp capping material for VPT.Methods
IL-Zn was characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-killing curves, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect on dual-species biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet staining and live/dead staining. The potential for bacterial resistance to IL-Zn was examined through serial passage experiments. IL-Zn was then combined with CMCS to form the IL-Zn/CMCS composite. The antimicrobial efficacy of the composite against S. mutans and L. casei was tested by measuring the optical density of bacterial suspensions. The biocompatibility of the IL-Zn/CMCS composite was assessed via cell adhesion and SEM imaging. An animal model of pulpitis was used to evaluate the IL-Zn/CMCS composite as an adjunct to iRoot BP Plus for pulp capping.Results
EDS, FTIR, ¹H NMR, ESI-MS collectively confirmed the successful synthesis of IL-Zn. In vitro antibacterial experiments demonstrated that IL-Zn, which exhibited a low propensity for inducing resistance, significantly inhibited both planktonic bacteria and dual-species biofilms. The IL-Zn/CMCS composite showed good antibacterial activity and biocompatibility with L929 cells. In animal tests, the composite improved pulp healing and dentin formation compared with iRoot BP Plus alone.Conclusions
This study developed an IL-Zn with strong antibacterial properties and a low risk of resistance. When combined with CMCS, the composite exhibited favorable antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. Used together with iRoot BP Plus for the treatment of carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth, it significantly enhanced pulp healing and dentin repair, offering a promising strategy to improve the success rate of vital pulp therapy.
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BibTeX
@article{zhou2026zinccontaining,
title = {{Zinc-containing ionic liquid combined with carboxymethyl chitosan for vital pulp therapy in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure.}},
author = {Zichao Zhou and Hongwei Chen and Chaoli Wang and Anya Liu and Minghao Wang and Chongyang Zhang and Li Fan and Yifang Yuan and Shengchao Wang and Wenkai Jiang},
journal = {BMC oral health},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
doi = {10.1186/s12903-026-09392-2},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894156},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Zinc-containing ionic liquid combined with carboxymethyl chitosan for vital pulp therapy in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure.
AU - Zichao Zhou
AU - Hongwei Chen
AU - Chaoli Wang
AU - Anya Liu
AU - Minghao Wang
AU - Chongyang Zhang
AU - Li Fan
AU - Yifang Yuan
AU - Shengchao Wang
AU - Wenkai Jiang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/07/01
JO - BMC oral health
DO - 10.1186/s12903-026-09392-2
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894156
AB - Background The elimination of pulpal infection is critical for the success of vital pulp therapy (VPT) in mature permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure. However, commonly used pulp capping materials often possess inadequate antibacterial properties, which limits treatment success. This study aimed to develop a zinc-containing ionic liquid (IL-Zn)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) composite and evaluate its potential as an adjunctive pulp capping material for VPT.Methods IL-Zn was characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), time-killing curves, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect on dual-species biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet staining and live/dead staining. The potential for bacterial resistance to IL-Zn was examined through serial passage experiments. IL-Zn was then combined with CMCS to form the IL-Zn/CMCS composite. The antimicrobial efficacy of the composite against S. mutans and L. casei was tested by measuring the optical density of bacterial suspensions. The biocompatibility of the IL-Zn/CMCS composite was assessed via cell adhesion and SEM imaging. An animal model of pulpitis was used to evaluate the IL-Zn/CMCS composite as an adjunct to iRoot BP Plus for pulp capping.Results EDS, FTIR, ¹H NMR, ESI-MS collectively confirmed the successful synthesis of IL-Zn. In vitro antibacterial experiments demonstrated that IL-Zn, which exhibited a low propensity for inducing resistance, significantly inhibited both planktonic bacteria and dual-species biofilms. The IL-Zn/CMCS composite showed good antibacterial activity and biocompatibility with L929 cells. In animal tests, the composite improved pulp healing and dentin formation compared with iRoot BP Plus alone.Conclusions This study developed an IL-Zn with strong antibacterial properties and a low risk of resistance. When combined with CMCS, the composite exhibited favorable antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. Used together with iRoot BP Plus for the treatment of carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth, it significantly enhanced pulp healing and dentin repair, offering a promising strategy to improve the success rate of vital pulp therapy.
SN - 1472-6831
ER -