Scaling laws for contamination traversal times during vacuum breaks in superconducting accelerators
Abstract
A sudden loss of vacuum in a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator drives warm gas into the evacuated beamline, where it propagates through interconnected SRF cavities cooled by liquid helium, causing surface contamination, intense heat deposition, and dangerous pressure buildup. Yet predicting how such a failure propagates through realistic multicell cavities has remained difficult because compressible gas dynamics, condensation and cryogenic heat transfer are strongly coupled. Here we develop and experimentally validate a multidimensional computational framework that resolves these processes, and apply it to a full-scale nine-cell SRF cavity. We find that the repeated cell geometry produces staircase-like gas-front propagation, as impingement, recirculation and localized cryopumping strongly retard the bulk flow within each cell. Across a broad range of breach sizes, the cavity traversal time follows a robust power-law scaling with leakage area, providing quantitative guidance for the response time of beamline isolation and protection systems. The simulations also reveal a geometry-confined Mach disk whose position and size track the advancing gas front, suggesting that its acoustic emission could potentially enable rapid, non-invasive detection and localization of vacuum failures. These findings pave the way for a new generation of predictive diagnostics and protection strategies to safeguard large-scale superconducting accelerators.
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BibTeX
@misc{qi2026scaling,
title = {{Scaling laws for contamination traversal times during vacuum breaks in superconducting accelerators}},
author = {Yinghe Qi and Qutadah Rababah and Wei Guo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.24876},
eprint = {2610.24876},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24876},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Scaling laws for contamination traversal times during vacuum breaks in superconducting accelerators
AU - Yinghe Qi
AU - Qutadah Rababah
AU - Wei Guo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/17
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.24876
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24876
AB - A sudden loss of vacuum in a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) accelerator drives warm gas into the evacuated beamline, where it propagates through interconnected SRF cavities cooled by liquid helium, causing surface contamination, intense heat deposition, and dangerous pressure buildup. Yet predicting how such a failure propagates through realistic multicell cavities has remained difficult because compressible gas dynamics, condensation and cryogenic heat transfer are strongly coupled. Here we develop and experimentally validate a multidimensional computational framework that resolves these processes, and apply it to a full-scale nine-cell SRF cavity. We find that the repeated cell geometry produces staircase-like gas-front propagation, as impingement, recirculation and localized cryopumping strongly retard the bulk flow within each cell. Across a broad range of breach sizes, the cavity traversal time follows a robust power-law scaling with leakage area, providing quantitative guidance for the response time of beamline isolation and protection systems. The simulations also reveal a geometry-confined Mach disk whose position and size track the advancing gas front, suggesting that its acoustic emission could potentially enable rapid, non-invasive detection and localization of vacuum failures. These findings pave the way for a new generation of predictive diagnostics and protection strategies to safeguard large-scale superconducting accelerators.
ER -