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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDJournal of health, population, and nutrition

Serum magnesium and risk of hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.

  • Alireza Rashki1,2,3
  • Zahra Moradmand1,2,3
  • Parvane Saneei4,5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
  2. 2Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
  3. 3Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81746, Isfahan, 73482, Iran.
  4. 4Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. [email protected].
  5. 5Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81746, Isfahan, 73482, Iran. [email protected].
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Abstract

Background

Several studies have examined the association between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia, but findings have been inconsistent. Some prospective cohort studies report inverse associations, while others show no significant relationship, and cross-sectional studies have yielded mixed effect sizes. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis examines the association between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia.Methods

A comprehensive and systematic search was undertaken utilizing PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar, extending up to January 2026. Epidemiologic studies presenting relative risks or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals regarding serum magnesium and hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and prediabetes were included. The GRADE approach was utilized to evaluate the body of evidence.Results

A total of 24 studies (7 cohorts, 16 cross-sectional, 2 cross-sectional analyses of cohort baseline data, and 1 case-control) were included. In cohort studies including 46,190 participants and 4,330 cases, negative associations were observed in the highest versus lowest category of serum magnesium with hyperglycemia (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.51, 0.78) and T2DM (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.56, 0.82); this relation was not significant in the case of prediabetes (RR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.42, 1.02). In non-cohort studies with 40,834 participants and 8,161 cases, reductions in odds were observed for hyperglycemia (OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.57), T2DM (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.24, 0.46), and prediabetes (OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.76). In addition, each 0.20 mmol/L increase in serum magnesium level was associated with lower risk of T2DM (RR = 0.92; 95%CI: 0.87, 0.97) in cohort studies and lower odds of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.79; 95%CI: 0.72, 0.86) and T2DM (OR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.87) in cross-sectional studies. In non-linear dose-response analysis, increasing serum magnesium concentration from deficient to sufficient values (> 0.85 mmol/L) was associated with a decreasing trend in hyperglycemia and T2DM risk.Conclusion

There were significant inverse dose-response associations between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia and T2DM. The association with prediabetes was weak and uncertain.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{rashki2026serum,
  title = {{Serum magnesium and risk of hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.}},
  author = {Alireza Rashki and Zahra Moradmand and Parvane Saneei},
  journal = {Journal of health, population, and nutrition},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1186/s41043-026-01415-6},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42907896},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Serum magnesium and risk of hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, and prediabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies.
AU  - Alireza Rashki
AU  - Zahra Moradmand
AU  - Parvane Saneei
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/01
JO  - Journal of health, population, and nutrition
DO  - 10.1186/s41043-026-01415-6
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42907896
AB  - Background  Several studies have examined the association between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia, but findings have been inconsistent. Some prospective cohort studies report inverse associations, while others show no significant relationship, and cross-sectional studies have yielded mixed effect sizes. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis examines the association between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia.Methods  A comprehensive and systematic search was undertaken utilizing PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar, extending up to January 2026. Epidemiologic studies presenting relative risks or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals regarding serum magnesium and hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and prediabetes were included. The GRADE approach was utilized to evaluate the body of evidence.Results  A total of 24 studies (7 cohorts, 16 cross-sectional, 2 cross-sectional analyses of cohort baseline data, and 1 case-control) were included. In cohort studies including 46,190 participants and 4,330 cases, negative associations were observed in the highest versus lowest category of serum magnesium with hyperglycemia (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.51, 0.78) and T2DM (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.56, 0.82); this relation was not significant in the case of prediabetes (RR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.42, 1.02). In non-cohort studies with 40,834 participants and 8,161 cases, reductions in odds were observed for hyperglycemia (OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.57), T2DM (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.24, 0.46), and prediabetes (OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.76). In addition, each 0.20 mmol/L increase in serum magnesium level was associated with lower risk of T2DM (RR = 0.92; 95%CI: 0.87, 0.97) in cohort studies and lower odds of hyperglycemia (OR = 0.79; 95%CI: 0.72, 0.86) and T2DM (OR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.87) in cross-sectional studies. In non-linear dose-response analysis, increasing serum magnesium concentration from deficient to sufficient values (> 0.85 mmol/L) was associated with a decreasing trend in hyperglycemia and T2DM risk.Conclusion  There were significant inverse dose-response associations between serum magnesium and hyperglycemia and T2DM. The association with prediabetes was weak and uncertain.
SN  - 1606-0997
SN  - 2072-1315
ER  -