Association of Serum Magnesium Concentration With Microvascular Complications Among Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis.
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, IND.
- 2Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, IND.
- 3Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur, IND.
- 4Department of Pharmaceutics, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, IND.
- 5Department of Pharmacology, Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, IND.
- 6Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Research Impact & Outcome-Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, IND.
Abstract
Background Persistent high blood sugar levels resulting from reduced insulin production, insulin resistance, or both are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Magnesium (Mg) plays a role in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. In individuals with T2DM, decreased Mg levels have been associated with decreased insulin function. The relationship between serum Mg levels and microvascular problems in individuals with T2DM was assessed in this study. Materials and methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional research involving 172 adults with T2DM attending the Medicine Department in Central Rajasthan. Serum Mg was measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Neuropathy was evaluated by history, neurological exam (deep tendon reflexes and monofilament testing), and nerve conduction studies if clinically indicated. Kidney function tests and urine examination were used to assess nephropathy, and ophthalmology referral for fundus examination was used to assess retinopathy. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with Yates-corrected chi-squared testing were used to evaluate the association of the serum Mg status with each microvascular complication. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) and analyzed using SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Hypomagnesemia, defined as serum Mg < 1.7 mg/dL, was identified in 57 of 172 participants (33.14%), including 30 of 88 men (34.09%) and 27 of 84 women (32.14%). Compared with participants with Mg ≥ 1.7 mg/dL, those with hypomagnesemia had higher unadjusted odds of neuropathy (OR 7.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.08-16.41), nephropathy (OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.06-10.84), and retinopathy (OR 9.35, 95% CI 4.49-19.47). They also had higher HbA1c (10.08% ± 2.07% vs 7.96% ± 1.74%; p < 0.0001) and longer diabetes duration (10.35 ± 5.95 vs 3.42 ± 3.16 years; p < 0.0001). Conclusions In this cohort of adults with T2DM, lower serum Mg levels were associated with poorer glycemic indices and a greater burden of microvascular complications. All ORs were unadjusted, and the groups of different serum Mg levels varied in terms of age, diabetes duration, and HbA1c, so the findings presented must be viewed as exploratory and may be affected by confounding.
Related
- Incidence of diabetes remission and association with microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data in Thailand.
- Association between atherogenic index of plasma and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets: a real-world cohort study.
- Association of appendicolith with postoperative complications, wound infection, and length of stay after appendectomy: a retrospective observational study from Palestine.
- Residential proximity to chemical plants and the risk of diabetic microvascular complications independent of air pollution: a prospective cohort study
- A Machine Learning Model to Predict Complications Following Head and Neck Microvascular Surgery
BibTeX
@article{kumar2026association,
title = {{Association of Serum Magnesium Concentration With Microvascular Complications Among Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis.}},
author = {Sharwan Kumar and Sunil K Gothwal and Bhupendra Arya and Dilip Nagarwal and Chetram Kumawat and Anurag Mishra and Bhawana Sharma and Yogendra Singh and Aashutosh Sinwal and Gaurav Gupta},
journal = {Cureus},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.7759/cureus.117070},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953862},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Association of Serum Magnesium Concentration With Microvascular Complications Among Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis.
AU - Sharwan Kumar
AU - Sunil K Gothwal
AU - Bhupendra Arya
AU - Dilip Nagarwal
AU - Chetram Kumawat
AU - Anurag Mishra
AU - Bhawana Sharma
AU - Yogendra Singh
AU - Aashutosh Sinwal
AU - Gaurav Gupta
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/28
JO - Cureus
DO - 10.7759/cureus.117070
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953862
AB - Background Persistent high blood sugar levels resulting from reduced insulin production, insulin resistance, or both are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Magnesium (Mg) plays a role in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. In individuals with T2DM, decreased Mg levels have been associated with decreased insulin function. The relationship between serum Mg levels and microvascular problems in individuals with T2DM was assessed in this study. Materials and methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional research involving 172 adults with T2DM attending the Medicine Department in Central Rajasthan. Serum Mg was measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Neuropathy was evaluated by history, neurological exam (deep tendon reflexes and monofilament testing), and nerve conduction studies if clinically indicated. Kidney function tests and urine examination were used to assess nephropathy, and ophthalmology referral for fundus examination was used to assess retinopathy. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with Yates-corrected chi-squared testing were used to evaluate the association of the serum Mg status with each microvascular complication. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) and analyzed using SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Hypomagnesemia, defined as serum Mg < 1.7 mg/dL, was identified in 57 of 172 participants (33.14%), including 30 of 88 men (34.09%) and 27 of 84 women (32.14%). Compared with participants with Mg ≥ 1.7 mg/dL, those with hypomagnesemia had higher unadjusted odds of neuropathy (OR 7.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.08-16.41), nephropathy (OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.06-10.84), and retinopathy (OR 9.35, 95% CI 4.49-19.47). They also had higher HbA1c (10.08% ± 2.07% vs 7.96% ± 1.74%; p < 0.0001) and longer diabetes duration (10.35 ± 5.95 vs 3.42 ± 3.16 years; p < 0.0001). Conclusions In this cohort of adults with T2DM, lower serum Mg levels were associated with poorer glycemic indices and a greater burden of microvascular complications. All ORs were unadjusted, and the groups of different serum Mg levels varied in terms of age, diabetes duration, and HbA1c, so the findings presented must be viewed as exploratory and may be affected by confounding.
SN - 2168-8184
ER -