Clinical Characteristics, Etiologies, and Outcomes of Adults Presenting With Altered Mental Status to the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
7 affiliations
- 1Internal Medicine, Allama Iqbal Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan, PAK.
- 2Internal Medicine, Bahria International Hospital, Lahore, PAK.
- 3Emergency Medicine, M Islam Teaching Hospital, Gujranwala, PAK.
- 4Biochemistry, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, PAK.
- 5Neurosurgery, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, PAK.
- 6Internal Medicine, Qadir Ali Hospital, Layyah, PAK.
- 7General Surgery, Services Hospital, Lahore, PAK.
Abstract
Background Altered mental status (AMS) is a common emergency presentation with diverse neurological, infectious, metabolic, toxicological, and systemic causes. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, underlying etiologies, management patterns, and clinical outcomes of adults presenting to the emergency department with AMS, and to identify independent clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Allama Iqbal Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, from April 2024 to April 2026 and included 210 adult patients presenting with AMS. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, presenting symptoms, duration of AMS, known comorbidities, medication history, substance use, and relevant previous neurological or systemic illnesses, were recorded. Results Of 210 patients, 174 (82.9%) survived, and 36 (17.1%) died. The mean age was 61.74±16.64 years, and 118 (56.2%) were male. Neurological causes were most common (29.0%), followed by infectious (21.4%), metabolic/endocrine (16.2%), and toxicological causes (11.9%). Non-survivors were older than survivors (72.10±13.80 vs. 59.60±16.40 years, p<0.001) and had lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores (6.90±3.20 vs. 11.60±3.10, p<0.001), lower oxygen saturation (89.10±8.00% vs. 94.60±4.40%, p<0.001), and higher serum lactate levels (4.80±2.70 vs. 2.30±1.60 mmol/L, p<0.001). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required in 61 (29.0%) patients, while 42 (20.0%) required mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Altered mental status was associated with considerable ICU utilization and in-hospital mortality. Neurological and infectious causes predominated, while severe impairment of consciousness, elevated lactate, hypoxemia, hypotension, infectious etiology, and advanced age were independently associated with increased odds of mortality.
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BibTeX
@article{ali2026clinical,
title = {{Clinical Characteristics, Etiologies, and Outcomes of Adults Presenting With Altered Mental Status to the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Cohort Study.}},
author = {Bilawal Ali and Amber Naz and Hammadia Khalid and Ahmed Khalil and Momina Naz and Afshal Ali and Aisha Butt},
journal = {Cureus},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.7759/cureus.117634},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999828},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Clinical Characteristics, Etiologies, and Outcomes of Adults Presenting With Altered Mental Status to the Emergency Department: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AU - Bilawal Ali
AU - Amber Naz
AU - Hammadia Khalid
AU - Ahmed Khalil
AU - Momina Naz
AU - Afshal Ali
AU - Aisha Butt
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
JO - Cureus
DO - 10.7759/cureus.117634
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999828
AB - Background Altered mental status (AMS) is a common emergency presentation with diverse neurological, infectious, metabolic, toxicological, and systemic causes. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, underlying etiologies, management patterns, and clinical outcomes of adults presenting to the emergency department with AMS, and to identify independent clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Allama Iqbal Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, from April 2024 to April 2026 and included 210 adult patients presenting with AMS. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, presenting symptoms, duration of AMS, known comorbidities, medication history, substance use, and relevant previous neurological or systemic illnesses, were recorded. Results Of 210 patients, 174 (82.9%) survived, and 36 (17.1%) died. The mean age was 61.74±16.64 years, and 118 (56.2%) were male. Neurological causes were most common (29.0%), followed by infectious (21.4%), metabolic/endocrine (16.2%), and toxicological causes (11.9%). Non-survivors were older than survivors (72.10±13.80 vs. 59.60±16.40 years, p<0.001) and had lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores (6.90±3.20 vs. 11.60±3.10, p<0.001), lower oxygen saturation (89.10±8.00% vs. 94.60±4.40%, p<0.001), and higher serum lactate levels (4.80±2.70 vs. 2.30±1.60 mmol/L, p<0.001). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required in 61 (29.0%) patients, while 42 (20.0%) required mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Altered mental status was associated with considerable ICU utilization and in-hospital mortality. Neurological and infectious causes predominated, while severe impairment of consciousness, elevated lactate, hypoxemia, hypotension, infectious etiology, and advanced age were independently associated with increased odds of mortality.
SN - 2168-8184
ER -